ossible in
able. If the
riority and
A) Community
A) Scholars
bed. Rich
Different kinds of societies who generally live in the forest areas are called
called anthropologists have been studying the tribal people.
D) Sarpanch
[ ]
D) Patla
[ ]
B) Psychologists C) Professors
D) Archaeologists
book on the Gonds.
[ ]
B) James Carter C) Haimendorf D) J.S. Miller
When a dispute involves people from many villages, then councils of all the villages concerned meet
[ ]
B) Panchayat
C) Court
D) Police Station
]
gets one day's labour in a year on his field from all men and women of the village. I
B) Council
C) Community D) Patla
A description from
A) Lord Wellesley
in a
A) Joint Panchayat
A) Panch
Savara
HAS
Answers
Answer:
Overview
Many different groups of Native Americans, with distinct cultures based on their resource allocation and climate, inhabited the western region of North America.
Hunting, gathering, and fishing supplied most of the food for indigenous people throughout the West, especially along the Columbia and Colorado Rivers.
Although hunting and gathering could be challenging and unpredictable, the bountiful West provided ample food and trading goods, which allowed Native Americans to establish sedentary villages.
Geographic and temporal setting: the diverse West
The western part of the present-day United States, extending from the top corner of Washington, through California and into parts of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho, was home to a diverse array of Native American groups. They lived off the region's rich natural resources.
It's hard to generalize about the cultural practices of indigenous people in the West since its climate and resources varied immensely, creating microenvironments which different groups used to their advantage. Over one hundred federally-recognized tribes lived in modern California. The Great Basin—the vast expanse of land between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas—was home to the Mono, Paiute, Bannock, Shoshone, Ute, and Gosiute peoples, among others.
Map showing the tribal groups who resided in the region comprising modern-day California.
Map showing the tribal groups who resided in the region comprising modern-day California.
Map depicting the territories of indigenous peoples in modern-day California at the time of European contact. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons
Common food practices: hunting, gathering, and fishing
Most Western indigenous people fished, hunted and gathered for sustenance. Along the Colorado River, Native Americans gathered a variety of wild food and planted some tobacco. Acorns were a pivotal part of the Californian diet. Women would gather and process acorns. They removed toxins from the pulp inside the nut and made it into flour, creating a less perishable source of nourishment. In the Pacific Northwest, people foraged for pine nuts, wild plants, and more.
Photo of Chuckachancy women grinding acorns into flour, c. 1920.
Photo of Chuckachancy women grinding acorns into flour, c. 1920.
Chuckachancy women grinding acorns into flour in California, c. 1920. Image source: Wikimedia Commons
American bison also roamed the Pacific Northwest, proving an easy target for hunters. Along the coast of modern-day California, natives hunted small mammals, snakes, and lizards. In the Great Basin, fishing sustained the native people. Salmon was plentiful along the Columbia and Colorado rivers. Native fishermen would use large harpoons to stab the fish swimming through the rushing water, along with complex trapping systems. However, a natural disaster like a mudslide or earthquake could completely disrupt the salmon patterns.
The Great Basin natives were the first to create canoes to aid the fishing process and secure a surplus of fish in preparation for times of scarcity. Evidence suggests that the Western American Indians had an extremely healthy, protein- and nutrient-rich diet, much more so than other groups in the Plains or Northeast who relied on farming.
Photo of a Natinixwe (Hupa) man hunting for salmon with a spear.
Photo of a Natinixwe (Hupa) man hunting for salmon with a spear.
A Natinixwe (Hupa) man hunts for salmon with a spear in northwest California, c. 1923. Wikimedia Commons
Societal organization: distinct, yet connected communities
Salmon dominated trade networks as well as diets in the West. The Dalles, the area upstream of Long Narrows on the Columbia River, became a central point for trade networks that extended to the Plains and to the Pacific. The Chumash people of the region near modern-day Santa Barbara were known for their trade fairs, where they would exchange marine mammals for shells from the Pacific Northwest and animal hides from the Plains. Acorns were often used as currency.