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The size, structure and form of settlements over time can have a variety of socio-economic and environmental implications. The expansion of cities, for instance, requires infrastructure spending for new roads, sewers and water supply lines. Potential environmental impacts include loss of wildlife habitat and/or high quality agricultural land, increased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and the contamination of rivers, lakes and aquifers. The type or form of expansion is also significant. Low density expansion consumes more agricultural and forested land and results in more infrastructure costs per capita than high density expansion.
The nature and growth of settlements are of particular importance for policy research related to cities, particularly metropolitan areas. The new methodology introduced in this paper, addresses data gaps and limitations with respect to current measures of Canada's built-up or settled areas. This methodology also aims to produce spatial data sets that are coherent through time and space.
The new approach presented in this research paper addresses current data gaps and allows the coherent mapping of settlements across the country. 1 The new methodology takes advantage of more refined census boundaries and satellite-based data sets to help address the challenges noted above.
There is strong policy and research interest for this research project. For example, Infrastructure Canada will use the results for research and analysis activities related to of Canada's infrastructure needs and programs. The methodology also fills an important data gap in Statistics Canada's Land Accounts. It allows the creation of a new land use/land cover change matrix, which is used to track changes in land use and land cover over time.
The Land Accounts
The Land Accounts are a major component of the Canadian System of Environmental and Resource Accounts (CSERA). Based on the compilation of various environmental data sets, the Land Accounts offer an integrated view of land and its use by Canadians. These accounts have a national coverage and are compatible with the economic accounts, supporting the coherent analysis of land issues in Canada.
For more information:
Statistics Canada, 1997, Concepts, Sources and Methods of the Canadian System of Environmental and Resource Accounts, Catalogue no. 16-505-G, Ottawa.
2.1 Key project goals
The primary goal is to develop a new methodology and produce corresponding data sets that more specifically delineate or map the physical form of settlements across the country and through time. The resulting spatial data sets will reflect more accurately where people live and work. They will also ensure that the amount of unsettled land 2 within the new settlements boundaries kept to minimum and is easily measurable; the existence of these areas can impact calculations related to settlement growth and form.
The methodology described in this study is based on Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. 3 The application of the methodology results in a data set that contains digital boundaries depicting the limits of settlements.