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Answer:
Networking: Wired and Wireless
Louis E. F-r-e-n-z-e-l- Jr., in Electronics Explained (Second Edition), 2018
Home Area Networks
A home area network (HAN) is a network inside the home used to provide monitoring and control over energy usage. It connects to the utility’s electric meter and monitors energy usage so the home owner can see what energy is being used and where. It is also used to give the utility a way to control the heating and air conditioning to save energy. The HAN also provides a way to conveniently turn appliances off and on. The HAN may use wireless or communications over the AC power line. The HAN is the home portion of the national Smart Grid effort to conserve energy.
Home area network
HAN is the fundamental network architecture deployed at customer premises to monitor and control integrated devices and to perform smart metering processes. It integrates many devices such as HEMS associated smart appliances, smart meters, smart sockets and plugs, and PEVs. HAN facilitates interaction of energy management systems and smart appliances to improve control and comfort of users and network operators. One of the most important benefits of HAN for TSO and DSOs is to enable DSM by establishing a two-way communication infrastructure for smart meters. Another important contribution of HAN is its capability to get connected to outer world by NAN interactions.
A wide variety of technologies including PLC, IEEE 1901 broadband over power lines (BPL), ITU-T G.984 gigabit passive optical network (GPON), IEEE 802.3ah ethernet passive optical network (EPON), IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN), IEEE 802.15.1 wireless personal area network (WPAN), IEEE 802.15.4 low rate WPAN (Lo WPAN) and asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) comprise the heterogenous environment of HAN architecture as common communication technologies.
The PLC is one of the most widely used wireline communication technology that is based on data transmission over power lines. Internet based infrastructures can be used in the context of BPL connections for wireline communication of first mile and last mile devices. The fundamental benefit of wireline communication is its reliability and robustness against interference. The ADSL and fiber optic technologies including GPON and EPON are also widely used besides PLC in wireline communication systems. The data transmission rates of DSL line vary between 10 Mbps and 10 Gbps while fiber optics extends these ranges up to 160 Gbps. Two major PLC technologies that are narrow band PLC (NB-PLC) and broadband PLC (BB-PLC) are classified according to their transmission frequencies.