Question

passage of chipko movement​

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

The Chipko (literally ‘to cling’ in Hindi) movement or Chipko andolan is a social-ecological movement that practises the Gandhian methods of satyagraha and non-violent resistance through the act of hugging trees to protect them from being cut.

The Chipko movement started in the early 1970s in Garhwal with growing resentment towards rapid deforestation. The landmark event in this struggle took place on 26th March, 1974, when a group of peasant women in Reni village, Uttarakhand, acted to prevent the cutting of trees and reclaimed their traditional forest rights that were threatened by the contractor system of the state Forest Department. Their actions inspired hundreds of such actions throughout the region. By the 1980s the movement led to the formulation of people-sensitive forest policies, which put a stop to the cutting of trees in regions as far reaching as the Vindhyas and the Western Ghats.

The first recorded event of Chipko however, took place in village Khejrali, Jodhpur, in 1731, when 363 Bishnois led by Amrita Devi sacrificed their lives while protecting Khejri trees, considered sacred by the community, by hugging them, and braved the axes of loggers sent by the local ruler. Today, it is seen as an inspiration and an originator for Garhwal’s Chipko movement.

Though primarily a livelihood movement rather than a forest conservation movement, it went on to become a rallying point for many future movements all over the world and created a model for non-violent protest. It occurred at a time when there was hardly any environmental movement in the developing world, and its success meant that the world immediately took notice. It inspired many eco-groups by helping to slow down rapid deforestation, increase ecological awareness and demonstrate the possibility of people power. Above all, it stirred up the existing civil society in India, which began to address the issues of tribal and marginalised people. So much so that, a quarter of a century later, ‘India Today’ mentioned the people behind the ‘forest satyagraha of the Chipko movement as amongst the hundred people who shaped India.

Today, it is also being seen increasingly as an eco-feminism movement. Women were its backbone and core because they were the ones most affected by the rampant deforestation, which led to a lack of firewood and fodder as well as drinking and irrigation water. In 1987, the Chipko movement was awarded the Right Livelihood Award

Answer 2

1. d)
2. d)
3. b)
4. c)
5. b)
6. a)
7. b)
8. I think a)
9. b)