Penicillin interferes with ......... synthesis of
actively growing sensitive organisms. *
Answers
Explanation:
Antibiotic drug-target interactions, and their respective direct effects, are generally well-characterized. In contrast, the bacterial responses to antibiotic drug treatments that contribute to cell death are not as well understood and have proven to be quite complex, involving multiple genetic and biochemical pathways. Here, we review the multi-layered effects of drug-target interactions, including the essential cellular processes inhibited by bactericidal antibiotics and the associated cellular response mechanisms that contribute to killing by bactericidal antibiotics. We also discuss new insights into these mechanisms that have been revealed through the study of biological networks, and describe how these insights, together with related developments in synthetic biology, may be exploited to create novel antibacterial therapies.
Our understanding of how antibiotics induce bacterial cell death is centered on the essential cellular function inhibited by the primary drug-target interaction. Antibiotics can be classified based on the cellular component or system they affect, in addition to whether they induce cell death (bactericidal drugs) or merely inhibit cell growth (bacteriostatic drugs). Most current bactericidal antimicrobials, which are the focus of this review, inhibit DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, cell wall synthesis, or protein synthesis1.
Since the discovery of penicillin was reported in 19292, other, more effective antimicrobials have been discovered and developed by elucidation of drug-target interactions, and by drug molecule modification. These efforts have significantly enhanced our clinical armamentarium. Antibiotic-mediated cell death, however, is a complex process that begins with the physical interaction between a drug molecule and its bacterial-specific target, and involves alterations to the affected bacterium at the biochemical, molecular and ultrastructural levels. The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria3, as well as the means of gaining resistance, has made it crucial that we better understand the multilayered mechanisms by which currently available antibiotics kill bacteria, as well as explore and find alternative antibacterial therapies.
the answer is Protein
Answer:
ANTIBIOTICS
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