Physical and chemical properties of ground water of tripoli and agricultural properties
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International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground Water in
Different Sites of Al-khums City, Libya
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Al-mergheb University, Al-Khums, Libya
Abstract: Deep ground water is an important source of water supply throughout the world. The dependency of people on ground water
has increased in the past few decades due to tremendous increase in crop production, population and industrialization. Thus regular
monitoring of deep ground water becomes very essential. The present study was carried out to assess deep tubewell ground water quality
of Al-khums city, situated on Mediterranean Sea coast of Libya. To study various water quality parameters, ground water samples from
four major sites,(0.3-8 kms away from sea shore) of the city were collected in summer season (months of April-May) .All the samples
were analysed for major physico-chemical parameters : temperature, pH, electric conductivity(EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total
alkalinity(TA), total hardness(TH), Na+, K+, Cl- by using standard analytical methods. Results showed that the water quality status was
found to vary place to place. The results were analysed and compared with “Libyan Standard No. 82 for Drinking Water” and “WHO
Water Quality Guidelines”. The results revealed that the ground water was not suitable for drinking as well as domestic purposes due to
significant variation of most of the physico-chemicals data from the standard permissible limit which was maximum in water samples
collected from nearby coastal areas. It is concluded from this study that the ground water of the area needs a substantial degree of
purification treatment before using for drinking and domestic purposes.
Keywords: Al-khums city (Libya), Ground water, Water quality, Hydrochemistry, Physico-chemical parameters.
1. Introduction
Groundwater is an important water resource in both the
urban and rural areas of Libya for domestic as well as for
agriculture purposes. Protection of groundwater is a major
environmental issue for the sake of maintaining the human
health and health of the ecosystems Water is the dominant
environment of these ecosystems and has attracted a great
deal of interest for maintaining the water quality . There is
an extensive literature which stresses deterioration of water
[1-4]. The intrusion of salty seawater into wells is a ground
water pollution problem in many coastal cities and towns.
Apart from intrusion of sea water into ground water ,the
addition of various kinds of pollutants and nutrients through
the agency sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural run off
etc. in to the water bodies brings about a series of changes in
the physicochemical and characteristics of water, which
have been the subject of several investigations [5-9]. A vast
population in the coastal area [10] utilizes a shallow and
deep ground water for drinking, agriculture and other
purposes. Regular monitoring of the quality of ground water
should be undertaken, temporarily and spatially to identify
the sources of toxic contaminants and other inhibitory
compounds that affect the quality of water [11]. Therefore,
the present investigation was undertaken in view to monitor
the quality of ground water by assessing of physico-
chemical properties of groundwater near coastal areas of Al-
khoms city in different sites.
2. Methodology
2.1 Study Area
Al-khums city and rural-areas nearby Al-khums city situated
on the Mediterranean coast of Libya (see Fig.1 & Table1).
Figure 1 : Map of Libya showing Al-khums city
2.2 Sampling
Groundwater samples were collected from four active wells
sites 0.3 to 8 km away from Mediterranean Sea coast in
summer season in the months of April- May, 2013(Table-1).
Samples were drawn with the aid of locally made plastic
drawer into pre-cleaned bottles. Samples were analyzed
immediately for parameters, which need to be determined
instantly and rest of samples were refrigerated at 40o C for
the remaining analysis.
2.3 Hydrochemistry
The collected samples were analysed for major physical and
chemical water quality parameters like pH , Electrical
Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Alkalinity (TA), Total Hardness (TH), Chloride (Cl-),
Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) were carried out referring
the ‘standard methods. The pH was determined by using pH
meter with combined electrode (Model – Hanna, sensitivity
0.01), EC was measured by using conductivity mete
ISSN
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground Water in
Different Sites of Al-khums City, Libya
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Al-mergheb University, Al-Khums, Libya
Abstract: Deep ground water is an important source of water supply throughout the world. The dependency of people on ground water
has increased in the past few decades due to tremendous increase in crop production, population and industrialization. Thus regular
monitoring of deep ground water becomes very essential. The present study was carried out to assess deep tubewell ground water quality
of Al-khums city, situated on Mediterranean Sea coast of Libya. To study various water quality parameters, ground water samples from
four major sites,(0.3-8 kms away from sea shore) of the city were collected in summer season (months of April-May) .All the samples
were analysed for major physico-chemical parameters : temperature, pH, electric conductivity(EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total
alkalinity(TA), total hardness(TH), Na+, K+, Cl- by using standard analytical methods. Results showed that the water quality status was
found to vary place to place. The results were analysed and compared with “Libyan Standard No. 82 for Drinking Water” and “WHO
Water Quality Guidelines”. The results revealed that the ground water was not suitable for drinking as well as domestic purposes due to
significant variation of most of the physico-chemicals data from the standard permissible limit which was maximum in water samples
collected from nearby coastal areas. It is concluded from this study that the ground water of the area needs a substantial degree of
purification treatment before using for drinking and domestic purposes.
Keywords: Al-khums city (Libya), Ground water, Water quality, Hydrochemistry, Physico-chemical parameters.
1. Introduction
Groundwater is an important water resource in both the
urban and rural areas of Libya for domestic as well as for
agriculture purposes. Protection of groundwater is a major
environmental issue for the sake of maintaining the human
health and health of the ecosystems Water is the dominant
environment of these ecosystems and has attracted a great
deal of interest for maintaining the water quality . There is
an extensive literature which stresses deterioration of water
[1-4]. The intrusion of salty seawater into wells is a ground
water pollution problem in many coastal cities and towns.
Apart from intrusion of sea water into ground water ,the
addition of various kinds of pollutants and nutrients through
the agency sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural run off
etc. in to the water bodies brings about a series of changes in
the physicochemical and characteristics of water, which
have been the subject of several investigations [5-9]. A vast
population in the coastal area [10] utilizes a shallow and
deep ground water for drinking, agriculture and other
purposes. Regular monitoring of the quality of ground water
should be undertaken, temporarily and spatially to identify
the sources of toxic contaminants and other inhibitory
compounds that affect the quality of water [11]. Therefore,
the present investigation was undertaken in view to monitor
the quality of ground water by assessing of physico-
chemical properties of groundwater near coastal areas of Al-
khoms city in different sites.
2. Methodology
2.1 Study Area
Al-khums city and rural-areas nearby Al-khums city situated
on the Mediterranean coast of Libya (see Fig.1 & Table1).
Figure 1 : Map of Libya showing Al-khums city
2.2 Sampling
Groundwater samples were collected from four active wells
sites 0.3 to 8 km away from Mediterranean Sea coast in
summer season in the months of April- May, 2013(Table-1).
Samples were drawn with the aid of locally made plastic
drawer into pre-cleaned bottles. Samples were analyzed
immediately for parameters, which need to be determined
instantly and rest of samples were refrigerated at 40o C for
the remaining analysis.
2.3 Hydrochemistry
The collected samples were analysed for major physical and
chemical water quality parameters like pH , Electrical
Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Alkalinity (TA), Total Hardness (TH), Chloride (Cl-),
Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) were carried out referring
the ‘standard methods. The pH was determined by using pH
meter with combined electrode (Model – Hanna, sensitivity
0.01), EC was measured by using conductivity mete
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