Plain the working of human heart
Answers
The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.
"The tissues of the body need a constant supply of nutrition in order to be active," said Dr. Lawrence Phillips, a cardiologist at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York. "If [the heart] is not able to supply blood to the organs and tissues, they'll die."
Human heart anatomy
In humans, the heart is roughly the size of a large fist and weighs between about 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) in men and 8 to 10 ounces (230 to 280 grams) in women, according to Henry Gray's "Anatomy of the Human Body."
The physiology of the heart basically comes down to "structure, electricity and plumbing," Phillips told Live Science.
The human heart has four chambers: two upper chambers (the atria) and two lower ones (the ventricles), according to the National Institutes of Health. The right atrium and right ventricle together make up the "right heart," and the left atrium and left ventricle make up the "left heart." A wall of muscle called the septum separates the two sides of the heart.
A double-walled sac called the pericardium encases the heart, which serves to protect the heart and anchor it inside the chest. Between the outer layer, the parietal pericardium, and the inner layer, the serous pericardium, runs pericardial fluid, which lubricates the heart during contractions and movements of the lungs and diaphragm.
The heart's outer wall consists of three layers. The outermost wall layer, or epicardium, is the inner wall of the pericardium. The middle layer, or myocardium, contains the muscle that contracts. The inner layer, or endocardium, is the lining that contacts the blood.
The tricuspid valve and the mitral valve make up the atrioventricular (AV) valves, which connect the atria and the ventricles. The pulmonary semi-lunar valve separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery, and the aortic valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta. The heartstrings, or chordae tendinae, anchor the valves to heart muscles.
The sinoatrial node produces the electrical pulses that drive heart contractions.
Human heart function
The heart circulates blood through two pathways: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.
In the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle of the heart via the pulmonary artery and travels to the lungs, then returns as oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein.
In the systemic circuit, oxygenated blood leaves the body via the left ventricle to the aorta, and from there enters the arteries and capillaries where it supplies the body's tissues with oxygen. Deoxygenated blood returns via veins to the venae cavae, re-entering the heart's right atrium.
Of course, the heart is also a muscle, so it needs a fresh supply of oxygen and nutrients, too, Phillips said.
The cardiovascular system circulates blood from the heart to the lungs and around the body via blood vessels.
The cardiovascular system circulates blood from the heart to the lungs and around the body via blood vessels.
Credit: The BioDigital HumanTM developed by NYU School of Medicine and BioDigital Systems LLC
"After the blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, two sets of arteries bring oxygenated blood to feed the heart muscle," he said. The left main coronary artery, on one side of the aorta, branches into the left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery. The right coronary artery branches out on the right side of the aorta.
Blockage of any of these arteries can cause a heart attack, or damage to the muscle of the heart, Phillips said. A heart attack is distinct from cardiac arrest, which is a sudden loss of heart function that usually occurs as a result of electrical disturbances of the heart rhythm. A heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest, but the latter can also be caused by other problems, he said.
The heart contains electrical "pacemaker" cells, which cause it to contract — producing a heartbeat.
"Each cell has the ability to be the 'band leader' and [to] have everyone follow," Phillips said. In people with an irregular heartbeat, or atrial fibrillation, every cell tries to be the band leader, he said, which causes them to beat out of sync with one another.
A healthy heart contraction happens in five stages. In the first stage (early diastole), the heart is relaxed. Then the atrium contracts (atrial systole) to push blood into the ventricle. Next, the ventricles start contracting without changing volume. Then the ventricles continue contracting while empty. Finally, the ventricles stop contracting and relax. Then the cycle repeats.
Valves prevent backflow, keeping the blood flowing in one direction through the heart.
THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN HEART IS AS FOLLOWS ::-
1)It is a muscular organ,big as our fist,reddish brown in colour,situated between the 2 lungs in middle of thoracic cavity,surrounded by 2 layered sac.
2)It has different chambers to prevent the oxygen rich blood from mixing with blood containing carbon dioxide.
THE WORKING OF THE HUMAN HEART IS AS FOLLOWS ::-
1)Oxygen rich blood from the lungs enter the left atrium.The left atrium relaxes when it is collecting the blood.Then it contracts while next chamber ie left ventricle expands so that blood is transferred to it.
2)From left atrium the blood is transferred to left ventricle through bicuspid valve.From the left ventricle the blood is pumped to various parts of body through aorta(largest artery).Oxygenated blood from lungs enters the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
3)The de-oxygenated blood from various parts of the body is poured into right atrium through large veins called vena cava.
4)As the right atrium contracts,the corresponding right ventricle expands and blood through tricuspid valve gets collected.It then pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation by pulmonary arteries.In the lungs this blood become oxygenated and return to the heart by pulmonary veins.
The blood circulation in human heart is Double Circulation.This means that blood passes through heart twice.One circulation involves entry of blood from all body parts to heart.This blood is deoxygenated which goes to lungs for oxygenation.The second circulation involves entry of oxygenated blood from lungs to heart and then to all body parts.
HOPE IT HELPS YOU!!
