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The different forms of power sharing in modern democracies are:
→ Horizontal Distribution of Power: The power is shared among the different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Example: The distribution of power between Indian Parliament (legislature), the council of ministers headed by chief ministers (executive) and Courts of India.
→ Vertical Distribution of Power: The power is shared among governments at different levels– a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Example: In India, power is shared among Central government, State government and local governments.
→ Distribution of Power among different Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups.Example: ‘Community Government’ in Belgium.
→ Distribution of Power among Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements: Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements control or influence those who are in power. Different political parties contest elections for power which ensures that power does not remain in one hand and shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Pressure groups and movements influence the decision making process.
Decentralization:
The process in which the power or authority present in the hands of the State and Central Government is taken back and is allocated to the local government it is called decentralization.
A major step towards decentralization was taken in 1992. The Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy more powerful and effective. The provisions of Constitutional Amendment are as follows:
To hold regular elections under the local government bodies has been made compulsory.
Reservation of seats for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes in the elected bodies.
One third i.e., 33 percent seats are to be reserved for women.