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1 - Ethyne
The first member of the alkyne family is Ethyne (C2H2) , with two carbon atoms bonded by a triple bond.
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3 - When methane burns in the air it has a blue flame. In sufficient amounts of oxygen, methane burns to give off carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). When it undergoes combustion it produces a great amount of heat, which makes it very useful as a fuel source.
4 - Nickel or Palladium is used as a catalyst in the process of conversion of vegetable oils into fats.
5 - 1 - -CHO is a functional group of aldehyde group.
2 - -C=0 is a functional group of ketone which has a carboxyl group, and it also reacts with the alkyl group.
6 - Addition reactions with hydrogen takes place in unsaturated hydrocarbons which are Alkenes and Alkynes. The General formulae for Alkenes and Alkynes are following: Alkenes: CnH2n Alkynes: C, H2n-2 The essential conditions required for an addition reaction to occur is: 1. Hydrocarbon should be unsaturated.
7 - 1 - Ethanoic Acid or Acetic Acid. Functional Group :- COOH (Carboxylic Acid ) .
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9 - Ethanol is heated at 443 k in presence of excess of concentrated sulphuric acid to obtain ethene. This reaction can be given by following equation: CH3CH2OHconc.
10 - A- An example of an alkene addition reaction is a process called hydrogenation.In a hydrogenation reaction, two hydrogen atoms are added across the double bond of an alkene, resulting in a saturated alkane.
B - Some esters can be prepared by esterification, a reaction in which a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, heated in the presence of a mineral acid catalyst, form an ester and water: The reaction is reversible. As a specific example of an esterification reaction, butyl acetate can be made from acetic acid and 1-butanol.
C - When ester is treated with an alkali, the reaction gives ethanol and sodium ethanoate. This reaction is called saponification reaction because this reaction forms the basis of preparation of soap. This can be given by following equation.
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH ➡️ CH3COONa + C2H5OH.
11 - The cleansing action of both soaps and detergents results from their ability to lower the surface tension of water, to emulsify oil or grease and to hold them in a suspension in water. This ability is due to the structure of soaps and detergents. In water, a sodium soap dissolves to form soap anions and sodium cations.
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