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Answer:
Political Safeguard:
A political safeguard or constitutional guarantees is the protection provided by the government to the people they govern. The function of the state is to essentially protect the rights of the individuals. For this purpose, certain provisions have been enshrined in the constitution that is judicially enforceable. If we take the case of India, protecting the rights of the minorities has been a pressing issue that was confronted by the constituent assembly while drafting the constitution. Tackling the minority issue was made one of the objectives while creating the constitution for future reference. Jawaharlal Nehru state that the constitution will guarantee equality of opportunities, social, economic and political justice, freedom of speech, belief, faith etc. and safeguards for backward and tribal classes who were oppressed. This resolution was later reflected in the preamble of the constitution.
Beneficiaries of this policy:
The beneficiaries of different political safeguards or guarantees would depend on the objective of each legislation. Lawmakers intend to protect the rights of certain sections of the society when they come up with legislation. However, political safeguards are for the benefit of the public at large and for the greater good. The “Scheduled cast and tribes (prevention of atrocities) act”, 1989 which is now popularly known as the SC/ST Act was enacted to prevent the atrocities that were committed against the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe. Here the people belonging to this caste will be the beneficiary to this act. Going back to the example of minorities in India, the problem can be traced back to the advent of colonialism and partition. The Muslim minority were under greater threat after the formation of Pakistan. But there were other minorities as well, like the Parsis, Anglo-Indians, Sikhs, Scheduled castes etc. These minorities along with their representatives exerted pressure to attain categorical constitutional safeguards.
How far is such a safeguard justified?
Even though the constitution provides everybody with equal rights, not everybody gets the opportunity to enjoy them. Ergo, political safeguards are basically for providing equality of opportunities. There are certain sections of the society who need that extra support from the government to be at par with the rest of society. Only then will they get equal life chances. For example, somebody from a backward community without sufficient resources cannot be out on equal footing as somebody from an affluent section of the society. In such a situation provisions like reservation would help them. Political safeguards can be seen as a differential treatment but for the ultimate goal of providing equality.