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(a) water vapor.
(b) When the mantle rocks melt, the water dissolves into the magma. As the magma rises towards the surface and cools, pressure is reduced, crystals form and the water is released and emitted as vapour through volcanoes. With this mechanism, water from great depth can be degassed to the surface.
(c) Methane oil
(d) "The gas coming out of the volcanoes is biogenic methane, which means that it is produced by the decomposition of organic matter and bacteria, and not from oil deposits trapped underground," says Paull. A lot of Earth's methane is trapped below the seabed as "gas hydrate", an ice-like crystal of methane and water.
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