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1) RAM, which stands for random access memory, and ROM, which stands for read-only memory, are both present in your computer. RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores the files you are working on. ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores instructions for your computer.
2) IPO refers to Input, Output and Process. As the title suggests, the IPO cycle is the input & output after the process of the information. People must give input first to get output, and then the input must be processed to get the desired outcome
3) A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program. This contrasts with external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry,[1] and specialized processors such as graphics processing units (GPUs).The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over time, but their fundamental operation remains almost unchanged. Principal components of a CPU include the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic and logic operations, processor registers that supply operands to the ALU and store the results of ALU operations, and a control unit that orchestrates the fetching (from memory) and execution of instructions by directing the coordinated operations of the ALU, registers and other components.
Most modern CPUs are implemented on integrated circuit (IC) microprocessors, with one or more CPUs on a single metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) IC chip. Microprocessors chips with multiple CPUs are multi-core processors. The individual physical CPUs, processor cores, can also be multithreaded to create additional virtual or logical CPUs.[2]
An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces, and other components of a computer; such integrated devices are variously called microcontrollers or systems on a chip (SoC).
Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate in parallel, with no unit considered central. Virtual CPUs are an abstraction of dynamical aggregated computational resources.[3]
4) The third generation of computers (1964-1971) used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors like the second generation. (The first generation used vacuum tubes.) However unlike the fourth generation, described below, the central processing unit (CPU) in third generation computers was made up of dozens if not hundreds of ICs.
Example of third generation computers are the IBM System/360, UNIVAC 1108, PDP-11/20 and PDP-11/45. The PDP-8/I and PDP-8/E were integrated circuit versions of the popular second generation PDP-8 which was all transistorized.
5) The key difference between primary and secondary memory is that primary memory can be directly accessed by the CPU whereas, the CPU can not directly access the secondary memory. ... Primary memory is a volatile memory whereas, the secondary memory is a non-volatile memory.
6) ROM: Classic or “mask-programmed” ROM chips contain integrated circuits. ... -EPROM: Erasable Programmable ROM chips allow you to write and rewrite them many times. These chips feature a quartz window through which a specialized EPROM programmer emits a specific frequency of ultraviolet light.
ROM is further classified into 4 types- ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
7) Secondary storage is needed to keep programs and data long term. Secondary storage is non-volatile , long-term storage. Without secondary storage all programs and data would be lost the moment the computer is switched off.
8) This process consists of three stages: fetching the instruction, decoding the instruction, and executing the instruction - these three steps are known as the machine cycle. A processor spends all of its time in this cycle, endlessly retrieving the next instruction, decoding it, and running it.
9) The most common biometric technologies they use are fingerprints, iris and facial recognition, gait, and voice recognition.
10) a) There are two main types of RAM: Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and Static RAM (SRAM). DRAM (pronounced DEE-RAM), is widely used as a computer's main memory. Each DRAM memory cell is made up of a transistor and a capacitor within an integrated circuit, and a data bit is stored in the capacitor.
b) Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.
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