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Answer:
Neurons are specialized cells that transmit chemical and electrical signals in the brain; they are the basic building blocks of the central nervous system.
The primary components of the neuron are the soma (cell body), the axon (a long slender projection that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body), dendrites (tree-like structures that receive messages from other neurons), and synapses (specialized junctions between neurons).
Some axons are covered with myelin, a fatty material that acts as an insulator and conductor to speed up the process of communication.
Sensory neurons are neurons responsible for converting external stimuli from the environment into corresponding internal stimuli.
Motor neurons are neurons located in the central nervous system (CNS); they project their axons outside of the CNS to directly or indirectly control muscles.
Interneurons act as the “middle men” between sensory and motor neurons, which convert external stimuli to internal stimuli and control muscle movement, respectively.
glial cell: Non-neuronal cells that provide structure and support to neurons.
synapse: The junction between the terminal of a neuron and either another neuron or a muscle or gland cell, over which nerve impulses pass.
myelin: A white, fatty material composed of lipids and lipoproteins that surrounds the axons of nerves and facilitates swift communication.
nodes of Ranvier: Periodic gaps in the myelin sheath where the signal is recharged as it moves along the axon.
The neuron is the basic building block of the brain and central nervous system. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit chemical and electrical signals. The brain is made up entirely of neurons and glial cells, which are non-neuronal cells that provide structure and support for the neurons. Nearly 86 billion neurons work together within the nervous system to communicate with the rest of the body. They are responsible for everything from consciousness and thought to pain and hunger. There are three primary types of neuron: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
Structures of a Neuron
In addition to having all the normal components of a cell (nucleus, organelles, etc.) neurons also contain unique structures for receiving and sending the electrical signals that make neuronal communication possible.
The structure of a neuron: the basic structural components of an average neuron, including the dendrite, cell body, nucleus, Node of Ranvier, myelin sheath, Schwann cell, and axon terminal.
Dendrite
Dendrites are branch-like structures extending away from the cell body, and their job is to receive messages from other neurons and allow those messages to travel to the cell body. Although some neurons do not have any dendrites, other types of neurons have multiple dendrites. Dendrites can have small protrusions called dendritic spines, which further increase surface area for possible connections with other neurons.
Cell Body
Like other cells, each neuron has a cell body (or soma) that contains a nucleus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and other cellular components.
Axon
An axon, at its most basic, is a tube-like structure that carries an electrical impulse from the cell body (or from another cell’s dendrites) to the structures at opposite end of the neuron—axon terminals, which can then pass the impulse to another neuron. The cell body contains a specialized structure, the axon hillock, which serves as a junction between the cell body and the axon.
Synapse
The synapse is the chemical junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of the next. It is a gap where specialized chemical interactions can occur, rather than an actual structure.
Explanation:
Answer:
Neuron comprises of dendrite, axon and cell body. Dendrites receives messages from the surrounding and sends it to the cell body. Cell body consists of nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles. Axon transmits the message away from the cell body and pass it to the the next receiving neuron.
