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Gregor Johann Mendel was a scientist who is recognized as the Father and Founder of genetics. Mendel conducted many experiments on the pea plant (Pisum sativum) between 1856 and 1863. He studied the results of the experiments and deducted many observations. Thus he formulated the laws of inheritance or Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
1. Dominant and Recessive traits:
He cross-pollinated two pure lines for contrasting characters and the resultant offsprings were called F1 generation(also called the first filial generation). The F1 generations were then self-pollinated which gave rise to the F2 generation of second filial generation. When taking into consideration character of height, In the F1 generation, Mendel observed that all plants were tall. there were no dwarf plants and In the F2 generation, Mendel observed that 3 of the offsprings were tall whereas 1 was dwarf. Mendel observed that in the F1 generation, the characters of only one parent appeared whereas, in the F2 generation, the characters of the other parent also appeared.
Thus, the characters that appear in the F1 generation are called dominant traits and those that appear for the first time in the F2 generation are called recessive traits.
2. Law of Segregation:
Based on the above experiment, he concluded that The genes that are passed from the parents to the offsprings exist in pairs. These pairs are called alleles. When the two alleles are the same, they are called homozygous. When both the alleles are different, they are called as heterozygous. His law states that when two traits come together in one hybrid pair, the two characters do not mix with each other and are independent of each other. Each gamete receives one of the two alleles during meiosis of the chromosome. Mendel’s law of segregation supports the phenotypic ratio of 3:1 i.e. the homozygous dominant and heterozygous offsprings show dominant traits while the homozygous recessive shows the recessive trait.
3. Law of Independent Assortment:
Mendel also found that when two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, one pair of character segregates independent of the other pair of character. This is known as independent assortment. This fact was very well explained by Mendel, after completion of dihybrid cross (cross using two characters) on garden pea. In this experiment, Mendel used pea shape and pea cotyledon colour as the characteristics. He crossed pure breeding pea plant having dominant character: round yellow pea seeds (RRYY) with pea plant having recessive characters: wrinkled yellow pea (rryy). The gametes produced are RY and ry which fused to give RrYy. So, in F1 generation the seeds were round and yellow, according to law of dominance. He then self pollinated F1 plants. Four types of gametes (RY, Ry, rY, ry) are produced. Each of these segregate independent of each other, each having a frequency of 25% of the total gametes produced. F2 generation, produced four different combinations. Two of these combinations resembled the parental combination while the other two were new combinations i.e. green round and yellow wrinkled. The ratio of the combinations came out to be 9 (yellow round) : 3 (yellow wrinkled) : 3 (green round) : 1 (green wrinkled)
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On the basis of these results Mendel was able to state that the two pairs of characters (seed shape and colour), whilst combining in the F1 generation, seperate and behave independently from another in subsequent generations.
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