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Answer:
1.
1A.A tectonic plate (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. Plate size can vary greatly, from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across; the Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest.
2A. Also epicentrum. Geology. a point, directly above the true center of disturbance, from which the shock waves of an earthquake apparently radiate. a focal point, as of activity: Manhattan's Chinatown is the epicenter of the city's Chinese community.the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake.
3A.Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earths surface. Once a rock has been broken down, a process called erosion transports the bits of rock and minerals away. Water, acids, salt, plants, animals, and changes in temperature are all agents of weathering and erosion.
4A.Exogenic (or exogenetic) factors are agents supplying energy for actions that are located at or near the earth's surface. Exogenic factors are usually driven by gravity or atmospheric forces. The term is commonly applied to various processes such as weathering, denudation, mass wasting, etc.
5A.A sand dune is a mount, hill or ridge of sand that lies behind the part of the beach affected by tides. They are formed over many years when windblown sand is trapped by beach grass or other stationary objects.
2.
1A.If you are indoors when a earthquake hits:
1.Drop down and take cover under a desk or table. ...
2,Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to exit.
3.Stay away from bookcases and other furniture that can fall on you.
4.Stay away from windows and light fixtures.
5,If you are in bed – hold on and stay there.
2A.Sea cave, cave formed in a cliff by wave action of an ocean or lake. Sea caves occur on almost every cliffed headland or coast where the waves break directly on a rock cliff and are formed by mechanical erosion rather than the chemical solution process that is responsible for the majority of inland caves. Zones of weakness in the cliff give way under the force of the waves and are eroded out; these cavities are enlarged by the hydraulic pressure built up by each wave. Holes, commonly known as blowholes, may eventually be forced through the roof of the cave to allow the pressure created by each wave to be released as a jet of spray.
3A.Moraines are landforms created at the margins of glaciers by the melt-out of debris from the glacier and by the bulldozing action of the ice. Moraines are classified according to their position relative to the former glacier.
In the Cairngorms, moraines relate to two periods of former glaciation:
Loch Lomond Stadial, when small glaciers formed in the corries and valley heads
Late Devensian deglaciation, when large glaciers flowing out of the Cairngorms and also along Strathspey and the Dee valley created major moraine complexes.
4A.In some parts of the world, windblown dust and silt blanket the land. This layer of fine, mineral-rich material is called loess.
Loess is mostly created by wind, but can also be formed by glaciers. When glaciers grind rocks to a fine powder, loess can form. Streams carry the powder to the end of the glacier. This sediment becomes loess.
Loess ranges in thickness from a few centimeters to more than 91 meters (300 feet). Unlike other soils, loess is pale and loosely packed. It crumbles easily; in fact, the word “loess” comes from the German word for “loose.” Loess is soft enough to carve, but strong enough to stand as sturdy walls. In parts of China, residents build cave-like dwellings in thick loess cliffs.
Extensive loess deposits are found in northern China, the Great Plains of North America, central Europe, and parts of Russia and Kazakhstan. The thickest loess deposits are near the Missouri River in the U.S. state of Iowa and along the Yellow River in China.
Loess accumulates, or builds up, at the edges of deserts. For example, as wind blows across the Gobi, a desert in Asia, it picks up and carries fine particles. These particles include sand crystals made of quartz or mica. It may also contain organic material, such as the dusty remains of skeletons from desert animals.
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Answer:
Answer the following questions:(1 marks)
- The blocks of landmass are known as lithospheric plates The Earth's crust consist of several large and several small rigids, irregularly shaped plates (slabs) which carry continent and the ocean floor.
- The epicenter, epicentre or epicentrum in seismology is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates.
- Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earths surface. ... Water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals, and changes in temperature are all agents of weathering. Once a rock has been broken down, a process called erosion transports the bits of rock and mineral away.
- Exogenic (or exogenetic) factors are agents supplying energy for actions that are located at or near the earth's surface. Exogenic factors are usually driven by gravity or atmospheric forces. The term is commonly applied to various processes such as weathering, denudation, mass wasting, etc.
- A dune is a landform, and is a large mass of wind-blown sand. Dunes are most common in deserted environments, such as the Sahara, and also near beaches. An area with dunes is called a dune system. In physical geography, a dune is a hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes or the flow of water.
Answer the following questions:(3 and 5 marks)
(1) When the shaking start:
Protect yourself as quickly as possible. In many situations that means remembering three actions: drop, cover, and hold.
- Drop: Get down on your hands and knees to protect yourself from being knocked over. That also puts you in an ideal position to crawl for shelter.
- Cover: Place an arm and hand over your head and neck to shield them from debris. Head for any nearby tables to shelter under until the shaking stops. If a table isn’t in sight, sidle up to one of your home’s interior walls away from tall objects and furniture that might topple.
- Hold: Stay put until the shaking stops. If you’re under a shelter like a table, keep hold of it with one hand. If you’re out in the open, continue to shield your head and neck with your arms.
(2) A sea cave, also known as a littoral cave, is a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea. The primary process involved is erosion. Sea caves are found throughout the world, actively forming along present coastlines and as relict sea caves on former coastlines. Some of the largest wave-cut caves in the world are found on the coast of Norway, but are now 100 feet or more above present sea level. These would still be classified as littoral caves. By contrast, in places like Thailand's Phang Nga Bay, solutionally formed caves in limestone have been flooded by the rising sea and are now subject to littoral erosion, representing a new phase of their enlargement.
(3) A moraine is any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (regolith and rock) that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions on Earth (i.e. a past glacial maximum), through geomorphological processes. Moraines are formed from debris previously carried along by a glacier, and normally consist of somewhat rounded particles ranging in size from large boulders to minute glacial flour. Lateral moraines are formed at the side of the ice flow and terminal moraines at the foot, marking the maximum advance of the glacier. Other types of moraine include ground moraines (till-covered areas with irregular topography) and medial moraines (moraines formed where two glaciers meet).
(4) In some parts of the world, windblown dust and silt blanket the land. This layer of fine, mineral-rich material is called loess.
Loess is mostly created by wind, but can also be formed by glaciers. When glaciers grind rocks to a fine powder, loess can form. Streams carry the powder to the end of the glacier. This sediment becomes loess.