please anyone explain me history chapter 1 of class 10
Answers
Answer:
sorry I does not read that lesson.
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Explanation:
Summary for NCERT Class 10 History in 45 Minutes - Important Topics
Transfer from monarchy to body of French citizens – people constitute the nation and shape the destiny
The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights
New French tricolor flag to replace former royal standard
Estates General was elected and renamed as National Assembly
Centralized administrative system with uniform laws for citizens within territory
Abolish internal custom duties and dues
Formulate uniform system of weights and measures
French became a common language and regional dialects were discouraged
Aim to liberate people of Europe from despotism
Establishment of Jacobin clubs – French army moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy in 1970s
Developments under Napoleon – Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) did away with privileges based on birth, established equality and secured right to property. He abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom. He removed guild restriction and improved transportation.
Map of Developments under Napoleon
Unification of Germany – Bismarck – constitution, freedom of press and freedom of association
Unification of Italy – Mazzini, later Garibaldi
Mazzini formed Young Italy in Marseilles & Young Europe in Berne (1833).
Developments in Balkan state – ethnic diversity
Habsburg Empire (Austria-Hungary) - many different regions and peoples. It includes:
Alpine regions – Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland
Bohemia - German-speaking
Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia
Hungary – half population spoke Magyar & others regional dialects
Polish speaking people in Galicia
Liberal Nationalism – liberalism (Latin – liber means free) means freedom for individual and equality of all before law. It stood as end of autocracy and clerical privileges & stressed inviolability of private property
Universal suffrage – France – initially only property owned man had right to vote. Under Jacobins, right was given to all adult males. Under Napoleon, righted were limited and reduced for women. Later opposition movements began.
In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from more than 30 to 2. I
Conservatism after 1815 - Conservatism is a philosophy that stresses on tradition, customs and prefers gradual change
They believed modernization can strengthen traditional institutions like monarchy making state more effective
Modern army, efficient bureaucracy, dynamic economy, abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen autocratic monarchies of Europe
In 1815, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who collectively defeated Napoleon met at Vienna under Congress hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich to draw Treaty of Vienna. Idea was to undo changes that happened under Napoleonic wars & keep check on expansion of French territory
Age of Revolutions: 1830 - 1848
Revolutionaries were educated middle class elite, professors, school teachers, clerks and commercial middle classes.
France upheaval in 1830 – Bourbon kings restored to power were overthrown by liberal Louis Phillippe
Metternich said ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold. ’
July Revolution sparked uprising in Brussels that led to Belgium breaking away from UK of Netherlands.
Greek war of independence –Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.
Imagination & National Feeling
Nationalism came across by idea of culture (poetry, story and music) along with wars and territorial expansion.
Romanticism – criticized glorification of reason and science & focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Idea was to share collective heritage, common cultural past and basis of nation.
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