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first roman
1) Some examples of natural indicators are turmeric, grape juice, red cabbage, cherries, onion, beetroot etc. Synthetic indicators are indicators which are synthesized in the laboratory. Examples of synthetic indicators include phenolphthalein, methyl orange etc. litmus paper is also an example of synthetic indicator.
2)Litmus. Litmus indicator solution turns red in acidic solutions and blue in alkaline solutions. It turns purple in neutral solutions. Litmus paper is usually more reliable, and comes as red litmus paper and blue litmus paper.
3)Soils tend to become acidic as a result of: (1) rainwater leaching away basic ions (calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium); (2) carbon dioxide from decomposing organic matter and root respiration dissolving in soil water to form a weak organic acid; (3) formation of strong organic and inorganic acids, such as nitric.
second roman
4)
a) The major use of sulphuric acid is in the production of fertilizers, e.g., superphosphate of lime and ammonium sulfate. It is widely used in the manufacture of chemicals, e.g., in making hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfate salts, synthetic detergents, dyes and pigments, explosives, and drugs.
b)In the manufacture of batteries, photoflash bulbs, and fireworks, hydrochloric acid is also used. It is even used for sugar processing and gelatin production. Like last month's chlorine compound, sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid is another chemical “workhorse” because it is extremely useful in a wide variety of ways.
c)Applications. Nitric acid is used in the production of ammonium nitrate for fertilizers, making plastics, and in the manufacture of dyes. It is also used for making explosives such as nitroglycerin and TNT. When it is combined with hydrochloric acid, an element called aqua regia is formed.
5) The factory wastes contain acids if are allowed to flow into the water bodies and can kill fishes and other organisms. This factory wastes are thus neutralized by adding basic substances.
6)Acids have a sour taste. Lemons, vinegar, and sour candies all contain acids. Blue litmus turns red in the presence of an acid, while phenolphthalein turns colorless. Acids react with active metals to yield hydrogen gas.
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