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Organisms in the domains of Archaea and Bacteria reproduce with binary fission. This form of asexual reproduction and cell division is also used by some organelles within eukaryotic organisms (e.g., mitochondria). Binary fission results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell (or organelle) by dividing the cell into two parts, each with the potential to grow to the size of the original.
Fission of prokaryotes Edit
The single DNA molecule first replicates, then attaches each copy to a different part of the cell membrane. When the cell begins to pull apart, the replicated and original chromosomes are separated. The consequence of this asexual method of reproduction is that all the cells are genetically identical, meaning that they have the same genetic material (barring random mutations). Unlike the processes of mitosis and meiosis used by eukaryotic cells, binary fission takes place without the formation of a spindle apparatus on the cell. Like in mitosis (and unlike in meiosis), the parental identity is preserved.
Binary fission in a prokaryote
FtsZ is homologous to β-tubulin, the building block of the microtubule cytoskeleton used during mitosis in eukaryotes.[4] FtsZ is thought to be the first protein to localize to the site of future division in bacteria, and it assembles into a Z ring, anchored by FtsZ-binding proteins and defines the division plane between the two daughter cells.[5][6] MinC and MinD function together as division inhibitors, blocking formation of the FtsZ ring. MinE stops the MinCD activity midcell, allowing FtsZ to take over for binary fission.[7]
Explanation:
For simple organisms like bacteria, cell division (for propagation) is dependent on a form of asexual reproduction known as binary fission.
Compared to the cell structure of eukaryotic organisms, the cell structure of prokaryotes (e.g. bacteria and archaea) is very simple. For this reason, they can only reproduce asexually through binary fission, a relatively simple method of reproduction.
During cell division, the DNA molecule of prokaryotes (a single circular chromosome) is first uncoiled before being replicated to produce two chromosomes. The two molecules then start moving to the opposite poles of the cells as the cell pulls apart. This results in the cell increasing in size (length) before ultimately splitting into two.
Before the cell divides into two, cell organelles (e.g. plasmids, ribosome etc) increase in number thus allowing each of the daughter cells to contain approximately equal number of organelles (as well as cytoplasm).
Binary fission in prokaryotes can be divided into four main phases that include:
Chromosome replication - The single, circular chromosome is uncoiled and copied to form a new chromosome thus doubling the genetic content.
Cell growth - Following chromosome replication, the cell grows and increases in size in preparation for binary fission. This growth is accompanied by an increase in the volume of the cytoplasm with some of the organelles increasing in number. This phase is also characterized by the two strands starting to migrate to opposite poles of the cells.
Chromosome segregation - In this stage, the cell elongates as a septum forms at the middle (transversely). It is also at this point that the chromosomes completely separate.
Cell splitting - In this stage, a new cell wall is formed. Ultimately, the cell splits along the middle (at the septum) dividing the cell into two new daughter cells, each of which contains nuclear material and other cell organelles.
* Organelles such as mitochondria also use this method of cell division (binary fission) to increase in number
* Movement of chromosome strands to the opposite poles of the cell requires energy
* In any of the 4 stages, issues may arise resulting in various abnormalities
There are four types of binary fission that include:
Irregular binary fission
Longitudinal binary fission
Transverse binary fission
Oblique binary fission
Mitosis
Compared to binary fission, mitosis is a form of cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells. These are more complex cells (e.g. human cells) that contain the nucleus enclosed in a membrane.
During cell division, the genome is replicated to produce a pair of daughter nuclei that move to the pole ends of the cell. This is followed by division of the cytoplasm and finally splitting of the cell into two.
Stages of Mitosis
Interphase - This is not necessarily one of the main stages of mitosis. Rather, it is the preparation phase that precedes mitosis.
Once a new cell is formed through mitosis, it has to be ready in order to undergo mitosis and produce new daughter cells as the cycle continues. The cell, therefore, undergoes several phases in interphase in order to be ready for mitosis.
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