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Q2. Fill in the blanks:
(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw indigo as a crop which would provide competition
to their earnings.
(b) The demand for indigo increased in late-eighteenth-century Britain because of
industrialisation.
(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of synthetic
dyes.
(d) The Champaran movement was against the indigo planters.
3. Describe the main features of the Permanent Settlement.
Ans. Main features of the Permanent Settlement:
i.The Company finally introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793.
ii.By the terms of the settlement, the rajas and taluqdars were recognized as
zamindars.
iii.They were asked to collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the
Company.
iv.The amount to be paid was fixed permanently, that is, it was not to be increased
ever in future.
v.It was felt that this would ensure a regular flow of revenue into the Company’s
coffers and at the same time encourage the zamindars to invest in improving the land.
vi.Since the revenue demand of the state would not be increased, the zamindar would
benefit from increased production from the land.
4. How was the mahalwari system different from the Permanent Settlement?
Ans.
Mahalwari system Permanent Settlement
1. The Mahalwari system, devised by 1. Lord Cornwallis introduced the
Holt Mackenzie, came into effect in 1822,
in the North Western Provinces of the
Bengal Presidency.
Permanent Settlement in 1793.
2. The amount to be paid was to be
revised periodically, not permanently
fixed.
2. The amount to be paid was fixed
permanently, that is, it was not to be
increased ever in future.
3. The charge of collecting the revenue
and paying it to the Company was given
to the village headman.
3. The charge of collecting the revenue
and paying it to the Company was given
to the zamindar.
5. Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.
Ans. Two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue were:
i.Driven by the desire to increase the income from land, revenue officials fixed too
high a revenue demand.
ii.Peasants were unable to pay, ryots fled the countryside, and villages became
deserted in many regions.
6. Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?
Ans. Ryots were reluctant to grow indigo because of the following reasons.
i.Under the ryoti system, the planters forced the ryots to sign a contract, an
agreement (satta).
ii.Those who signed the contract got cash advances from the planters at low rates of
interest to produce indigo.
iii.But the loan committed the ryot to cultivating indigo on at least 25 percent of the
area under his holding.
iv.When the crop was delivered to the planter after the harvest, a new loan was given
to the ryot, and the cycle started all over again.
v.The price they got for the indigo they produced was very low and the cycle of loans
never ended.
vi.The planters usually insisted that indigo be cultivated on the best soils in which
peasants preferred to cultivate rice.
vii.Indigo, moreover, had deep roots and it exhausted the soil rapidly. After an indigo
harvest the land could not be sown with rice.
7. What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo
production in Bengal?
Ans. The circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in
Bengal were:
i.The indigo ryots felt that they had the support of the local zamindars and village
headmen in their rebellion against the planters.
ii.The indigo peasants also imagined that the British government would support them
in their struggle against the planters.
iii.The ryots saw the tour of the Lieutenant Governor as a sign of government
sympathy for their plight.
iv.The magistrate Ashley Eden issued a notice stating that ryots would not be
compelled to accept indigo contracts.
v.As the rebellion spread, intellectuals from Calcutta rushed to the indigo districts.
They wrote of the misery of the ryots, the tyranny of the planters, and the horrors of
the indigo system.
vi.Worried by the rebellion, the government set up the Indigo Commission to enquire
into the system of indigo production. The Commission held the planters guilty, and
criticised them for the coercive methods they used with indigo cultivators.
vii.It declared that indigo production was not profitable for ryots. The Commission
asked the ryots to fulfil their existing contracts but also told them that they could
refuse to produce indigo in future.
viii.After the revolt, indigo production collapsed in Bengal.