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Sydney’s botanic garden is a green jewel that lies alongside the city’s opera house. The plants (along with the opera lovers and the animals at the zoo) have access to “absolute waterfront”, the two words that set most Sydneysiders’ pulses rating. Yet the garden’s users – from the morning joggers to the Japanese brides and grooms getting their pictures taken – probably don’t realise that the garden helped found an empire. Without Sydney and gardens like it, the great Victorian botanical empire that centred on the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew might never have existed, and without Kew, the British Empire itself would have been very different and probably much less influential.
In October 1812, the government of the colony of New South Wales (NSW) issued a proclamation that informed the people of Sydney that “the whole of the Government Domain” was being “completely enclosed by stone walls”. From that day forward, “no Cattle of any Description whatever” were permitted and any animals “found trespassing” would be impounded. The walls referred to are still visible within the garden, which trace their origin to this proclamation (although it was not formally founded until 1818).
NSW was, of course, a penal colony when the garden was founded and Sydney was a small, shabby town that faced repeated droughts and near famines. Everything from writing paper to seeds for the colony’s farms had to be brought over from Britain, a hazardous voyage that typically took six months. It can hardly have been obvious that the colony needed a botanic garden, yet Sydney was far from unique. St Vincent, in the West Indies, was the first colony to found such a garden (in 1765), and Britain’s East India Company decided it would be profitable to found one at Calcutta soon after (1787).
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