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1. Several key words have been used in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution:
(i) We, the people of India. The constitution has been drawn up and enacted by the people through their representatives, and not handed down to them by a king or any outside powers.
(ii) Sovereign. People have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters. No external power can dictate the government of India.
(iii) Socialist. Wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally by society. Government should regulate the ownership of land and industry to reduce socio-economic inequalities.
(iv) Secular. Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion. But there is no official religion. Government treats all religious beliefs and practices with equal respect.
(v) Democratic. A form of government where people enjoy equal political rights, elect their rulers and hold them accountable.
(vi) Republic. The head of the state is an elected person and not a hereditary position.
(vii) Justice. Citizens cannot be discriminated on the grounds of caste, religion and gender. Social inequalities have to be reduced.
(viii) Liberty. There are no unreasonable restrictions on the citizens in what they think, how they wish to express their thoughts and the way they wish to follow up their thoughts in action.
(ix) Equality. All are equal before the law. The government should ensure equal opportunity to all.
(x) Fraternity. All of us should behave as if we are members of the same family. No one should treat a fellow citizen as inferior.
2. Types of unemployment found in India are:
(i) Disguised unemployment: In disguised unemployment, people appear to be employed while actually they are not adding to the productivity. This usually happens among family members engaged in agricultural activity.
(ii) Seasonal unemployment: Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year. Agriculture in India is not a full time occupation. It is seasonal. This type of unemployment is usually found in agriculture.
(iii) Educated unemployment: It has become a common phenomenon in urban areas. Many youth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees are not able to find jobs. A study showed that unemployment of graduates and post graduates has increased faster than among matriculate youths.
3. (i) A child's overall growth largely depends on his education and health. He, with investment made on his education and health, will be able to get high return in the future in the form of higher earnings and greater contributions to society.
(ii) Educated parents realise the importance of education and therefore they invest heavily on their child's education. They are also conscious of proper nutrition and hygiene.
(iii) They accordingly look after their children's needs for education at school and good health. The education that children get add to the quality of labour which enhances his total productivity.