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hile modern societies face growing concern
about global environmental issues, developing
countries are experiencing complex, serious and
fast-growing pollution problems of their own. The
potent combination of industrialization, urban
development and mass consumption trends is
exacerbated by foreign companies operating with
little regard for the impact on the local environment.
Environmental pollution is more than just a health
issue; it is a wider social issue in that pollution has
the potential to destroy homes and communities.
Pollution problems are also closely tied to the mode
of development in developing countries. Despite this,
many developing countries either have not developed
environmental pollution control measures, or have
not provided adequate implementation structures
to ensure that policies are effective.
During the period of rapid economic growth
after the Second World War, Japan experienced a
variety of terrible environmental problems on a
scale unprecedented in the world. These
environmental problems can be attributed to the
prevailing emphasis at the time on economic
growth and profits at the expense of public health.
For this reason, the government was unwilling to
pursue environmental strategies. Worsening
environmental problems led to the emergence of
numerous victims’ groups and turned the tide of
public opinion, so that governments at the
prefectural and national level were forced to act.
Eventually, after much trial and error, effective
strategies for dealing with environmental pollution
were put in place and as a result the quality of the
environment began to improve.
By describing Japan’s experiences with respect
to the problems caused by the initial reluctance to
address environmental issues, as well as the success
of subsequent environmental initiatives, it is hoped
that we can help to prevent worsening health
problems in developing countries and promote
sound and healthy social development.
This chapter presents an overview of the
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