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Answers
Answer:
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward while the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward. ... During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases. As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out.
During a single cycle blood goes twice in the heart which is known as double circulation. It is necessary in human being to separate oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood because this makes their circulatory system is more efficient and helps in maintaining constant body temperature.
Hemoglobin in blood carries oxygen from the lungs or gills to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues). There it releases the oxygen to permit aerobic respiration to provide energy to power the functions of the organism in the process called metabolism.
The heart is divided into four chambers consisting of two atria and two ventricles; the atria receive blood, while the ventricles pump blood. The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavas and the coronary sinus; blood then moves to the right ventricle where it is pumped to the lungs.
The right side of your heart receives oxygen-poor blood from your veins and pumps it to your lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. The left side of your heart receives oxygen-rich blood from your lungs and pumps it through your arteries to the rest of your body.
The nephron is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule extends from the capsule.
Mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration and expiration are two processes involved in respiration. Inspiration is the process of taking in of the air and expiration is the breathing out of the air.
During inspiration, there is an increase in the volume of the thoracic area. The diaphragm becomes flattened and there is the relaxation of the intercostal muscles. This allows the increase in the thoracic cavity and allows the lungs to expand and take the air inside.
During expiration, there is a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity due to diaphragm being dome-shaped and contraction of the intercostal muscles. This allows the lungs to push the air outside.
Mechanism of double circulation. why it is necessary
It is very significant as it allows for proper circulation of blood, without the mixing of the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood allows for an efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells and delivers a greater blood flow rate.
How is haemoglobin associated with respiration explain
Haemoglobin, present in R.B.C.s, combines with oxygen in the lungs and is converted into oxyhaemoglobin. This blood is termed pure or oxygenated blood. Haemoglobin is the carrier of oxygen to all the living cells for cellular respiration.
Oxygen present in haemoglobin is used and carbon dioxide released during cellular respiration combines with haemoglobin. This blood is termed impure or deoxygenated blood.
This impure blood is carried to the lungs. Haemoglobin releases carbon dioxide and combines with oxygen and is converted into oxyhaemoglobin again to be carried to all living cells through blood circulation.
Describe the structure of heart and its function
The heart is divided into a right and left side by the septum. The heart has four chambers, two relatively small upper chambers called atria and two larger lower chambers called ventricles. The walls of the ventricles are relatively thicker than atrial walls.
The two atria are separated from each other by a thin, muscular wall called the inter-atrial septum and the right and left ventricles are by a thick-walled, inter-ventricular septum. The inter-atrial septum and inter-ventricular septum prevent mixing of deoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart with oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart.
The atria and ventricle of the same side are separated by a thick fibrous tissue called the atrioventricular septum.
The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by a valve called as the tricuspid valve, whereas a bicuspid valve guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
The largest artery is the aorta which arises from the left ventricle supplies blood to all the body parts except lungs. Pulmonary artery that arises from the right ventricle carries deoxygenated blood to lungs.
The openings of the right and left ventricles into the pulmonary artery and the aorta respectively are provided with the semilunar valves.
The valves allow the blood to flow only in one direction, i.e. from the atria to the ventricles and from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery or aorta.
●(see the right diagram in attachment)
Describe the structure of nephron
Nephrons are the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Nephrons are composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman’s capsule.
Structure of a Nephrons:
Nephrons are the basic filtering units of kidneys.
Each kidney possesses large number of nephrons, approximately 1-1.5 million.
The main components of the nephron are glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and a long renal tubule.
●(see the left diagram in attachment)
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