Please give me notes ch 5(Coal and petroleum)cbse
class8th
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Introduction to Coal and Petroleum
Energy
Energy can be extracted from natural resources in many forms, and it can be transferred from one body to another in form of heat or work.
Types of Energy
Some different types of energies are:
Mechanical energy
Chemical energy
Thermal energy
Nuclear energy
Solar energy
Wind energy
Sound energy
Electrical energy
Energy Conversion from One Form to Another
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to another.
Eg: In Microphone: Sound energy is converted to electrical energy.
Natural Resources
Natural resources are the resources that are provided by the earth. Two types:
Inexhaustible/Renewable natural resources are present in unlimited quantity in nature. Eg: Sunlight, wind.
Exhaustible/Non-Renewable natural resources are present in limited quantity in nature. Eg: Coal, petroleum.
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are the exhaustible resources that are formed from the decomposition of dead organic matter. Eg: Coal, Natural gas
Energy Stored in Fossil Fuels
Energy stored in fossil fuels are derived from decayed animals and plants that exist for millions of years.
Energy Utilisation from Fossil Fuels
40% energy used by the industries
24% energy used by the Transportation sector
6% energy used by farms
30% energy used for domestic and other purposes.
Coal Formation
Coal
Coal is a black coloured fossil fuel, which is extracted from the ground and is used as a fuel for different purposes.
Peat
Peat is a dark fibrous fuel composes of partly decomposed plant matter. It is the first stage in the formation of coal.
Formation of Coal
Under high pressure and temperature, the dead vegetation gets converted into coal. This process is called as carbonisation.
Types of Coal
There are 4 types of coals:
Anthracite
Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Lignite
Destructive Distillation of Coal
Destructive distillation of coal is the process of heating of coal in the absence of air. By-products formed in this process are coke, coal tar, ammonia, coal gas.
Coal and Petroleum 02
Coal Tar
Coal tar is a black thick liquid with an unpleasant smell and used as a starting material for manufacturing various substances.
Coal Gas
Coal gas is a fuel produced during the destructive distillation of coal. It is used as a fuel in many industries.
Ammonia Liquor
Ammonia liquor or ammonium hydroxide is one of the by-products formed during the destructive distillation of coal. It is used to make fertilizers.
Coke
Coke is a black coloured substance and pure form of carbon used for manufacturing steel and extraction of metals.
Extraction of Oil
Oil Wells and Reservoirs
An oil well is used to bring the oil or other hydrocarbons to the surface. It is a long hole created into the earth.
An oil reservoir is the underground lake of oil composed of hydrocarbons.
Extraction of Oils
Extraction of oil is the process by which usable oil is extracted from the earth’s surface location.
Determining the Characteristics of Oil Reservoirs
Characteristics of oil reservoir are:
Devices like geophones are used to determine the presence of oil in rocks by identifying the reflected sound waves.
Exploratory wells are used to extract oil samples.
Primary Production of Oil
The natural flow of oil is called as the primary production of the oil. It can persist for days or years.
Secondary Recovery Process
The secondary process can be carried out by the process of:
water flooding
injecting chemicals into the reservoir.
injecting carbon dioxide into the reservoir.
microbially enhanced oil recovery
Fractional Distillation
Crude Oil
Crude oil is a type of fossil fuel, which is an unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbons.
Boiling Point and Vaporisation
The boiling point is the temperature when the pressure exerted by surroundings on liquid & pressure of liquid becomes equal.
Vaporisation is the process of changing the state from liquid to gas.
Oil Refining or Fractional Distillation
Oil refining or fractional distillation is the process of separating liquids with different boiling points at different temperatures using fractional columns.
Uses of Products Obtained in Fractional Distillation
Products and its uses:
LPG: Fuel for home and industry
Petrol and diesel: Motor and aviation fuel
Kerosene: Fuel for stoves and lamps
Lubricating oil: Lubrication
Bitumen: Used to make paints
Paraffin wax: Used to make ointments, candles
Shortage of Petroleum and Tips for Its Conservation
Petroleum should be carefully used to avoid its shortage.
PCRA proposed some methods to save petrol and diesel like driving vehicles at constant speed.
Natural Gas
Hazards and Estimates of Fossil Fuels
Hazards caused due to excessive use of fossil fuels:
Explanation:
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