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Answer 1

Answer:

Japan’s high number of earthquakes is due to its geographical location along the Pacific Ring of Fire (kantaiheiyoukazantai). This 40,000 km long chain consists of at least 450 volcanoes. In Japan alone, there are around 265 volcanoes classified as potentially active.

Japan overlaps the four continental plates – the Pacific, the Philippine, the Eurasian and the North American plate. Here, the plates slide over liquid rock and cause tension, which is eventually released and expressed as earthquakes.

In addition to the clash of the continental plates, the Japan Trench is another cause of Japan’s numerous earthquakes. The Japan Trench is an 800-meter-long deep oceanic trench in the northwestern part of the Pacific, with a depth of 8,410 meters. In 2006, seismically active volcanoes with a height of 50 meters were discovered 5,000 meters within the trench and believed to be responsible for the Tohoku Earthquake in March 2011.

Answer 2

1) The Japanese archipelago is located in an area where several continental and oceanic plates meet, causing frequent earthquakes and the presence of many volcanoes and hot springs across Japan. If earthquakes occur below or close to the ocean, they may trigger tsunami.

Historic earthquakes

Many parts of the country have experienced devastating earthquakes and tsunami in the past. The Great Kanto Earthquake, the worst in Japanese history, hit the Kanto plain around Tokyo in 1923 and resulted in the deaths of over 100,000 people.

In January 1995, a strong earthquake hit the city of Kobe and surroundings. Known as the Southern Hyogo Earthquake or Great Hanshin Earthquake, it killed 6,000 and injured 415,000 people. 100,000 homes were completely destroyed and 185,000 were severely damaged.

On March 11, 2011, the strongest ever recorded earthquake in Japan triggered a massive tsunami along the Pacific Coast of northeastern Japan. Known as the Great East Japan Earthquake, the earthquake and particularly the ensuing tsunami killed nearly 20,000 people and caused a nuclear accident at a power plant in Fukushima Prefecture.

Earthquake measurement

The Japanese shindo scale is most commonly used in Japan to describe earthquakes. Shindo refers to the intensity of an earthquake at a given location, i.e. what people actually feel at a given location, while the Richter scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake, i.e. the energy an earthquake releases at the epicenter.

The shindo scale ranges from shindo one, a slight earthquake felt only by people who are not moving, to shindo seven, a severe earthquake. Shindo two to four are still minor earthquakes that do not cause damage, while objects start to fall at shindo five, and heavier damage occurs at shindo six and seven.

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