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Answers
1: atmospheric refraction
when rain falls the sun rays touches the raindrop and get refracted inside the water droplet so the formation of rainbow takes place
2: atmospheric refraction
our Earth is surrounded with many layer where the starlight refract and appear to be twinkle
planet do not twinkle because planet do not posses light and it is far away from Earth
3: during sunset and Sunshine sun appears to be red because the red have more wavelength
4: there is no atmosphere so there is no scattering of light takes place so it appears to be Black
5: atmospheric refraction
a) this is because after rain the raindrops act as a prism and the white light refracts
b) this is because stars have their own light but not the planets
c) this is because during sunrise and sunset sun apper at such an angle through which the red light is most visible and moreover red light has high wavelength
d)there is no atmosphere outside the earth and hence no scattering of light
e)this is because of refraction