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Answers
Explanation:
विषय से संबंधित सूक्ति अथवा कविता की पंक्तियों का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं। इससे आपका अनुच्छेद बहुत अधिक प्रभावशाली और रोचक लगेगा।
(9) अनुच्छेद के अंत में निष्कर्ष समझ में आ जाना चाहिए यानी विषय समझ में आ जाना चाहिए।
अनुच्छेद की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ -
(1) अनुच्छेद किसी एक भाव या विचार या तथ्य को एक बार, एक ही स्थान पर व्यक्त करता है। इसमें अन्य विचार नहीं रहते।
(2) अनुच्छेद के वाक्य-समूह में उद्देश्य की एकता रहती है। अप्रासंगिक बातों को हटा दिया जाता है। केवल बहुत अधिक महत्वपूर्ण बातों को ही अनुच्छेद में रखा जाता है।
सम्बद्ध होते है। वाक्य छोटे तथा एक दुसरे से जुड़े होते हैं।
(4) अनुच्छेद एक स्वतन्त्र और पूर्ण रचना है, जिसका कोई भी वाक्य अनावश्यक नहीं होता।
(5) उच्च कोटि के अनुच्छेद-लेखन में विचारों को इस क्रम में रखा जाता है कि उनका आरम्भ, मध्य और अन्त आसानी से व्यक्त हो जाए और किसी को भी समझने में कोई परेशानी न हो।
(6) अनुच्छेद सामान्यतः छोटा होता है, किन्तु इसकी लघुता या विस्तार विषयवस्तु पर निर्भर करता है। लेखन के संकेत बिंदु के आधार पर विषय का क्रम तैयार करना चाहिए।
(7) अनुच्छेद की भाषा सरल और स्पष्ट होनी चाहिए।
(1) India was a British colony. The British left behind them in India a strong imprint of their philosophy and culture and even today it is evident that English which is a foreign language is the most important and respected language in India. But the British were not the only Europeans to arrive in India and have their imprint. Since ancient period even before the beginning of the Christian era there were relations between Europeans and Indians. The main Europeans to arrive in ancient India were Greeks. The Greeks are referred to in ancient Indian history as Yavanas. Even the most famous ancient Greek conqueror, Alexander the Great, arrived in India. But actually he arrived up to the present India-Pakistan border. But there were other Greeks who arrived in India and established kingdoms. Many of these Greek communities later on adopted Hinduism and integrated in the Indian caste system. Even today there are communities in Kashmir who claim to be of Greek origin. Not all Greeks arrived in India to conquer it. There were also Greek scientists who arrived in India for scientific research, especially in astronomy and mathematics.
Later on other Europeans arrived in India because of commercial reasons. The Indian sub-continent was then world famous for its spices. But when the Muslim Ottoman Empire of Turkey ruled the Middle East, they caused lots of problems to European Christian merchants who tried to pass through their land. Therefore the Europeans tried to find other routes to reach India. And so accidentally Christopher Columbus found the continent of America. Columbus tried to get to India while sailing westwards from Europe. Columbus presumed that because the earth is round he would eventually get to India while sailing westwards, instead he found the continent of America whose existence was not known then to the Europeans. Columbus thought that he had arrived in India and called the natives Indians.
From the 15th century the European representatives arrived in India, namely English, French, Dutch, Danish and Portuguese. Among these European powers the Portuguese arrived first in India in 1498 via sea after they had circled the whole of the African continent. These representatives arrived in India after they received from their country rulers charter to do business with India.
These Europeans at first requested from the local rulers permission to trade in their entities. Later on they requested from the local rulers permission to build factories. After they built factories they requested to build forts around these factories to defend them from pirates and other dangers. Then they requested to recruit local Indians to serve as guards and soldiers in these forts and so on they slowly created their own armies. And so one of the European power's representative, the British East India Company, became the ruler of India.
The British control of India was a result of several factors. The Portuguese, who along with their business tried to enforce Roman Catholicism on the Indians were defeated by local rulers sometimes in collaboration with Protestant European powers. But still the Portuguese remained in India with small pockets. Their main center in India was Goa. The Dutch, who had holds in south India and the Danes, who had holds in east India, left India for their own reasons. The two main European powers that remained in India were British and French. These two powers tried different ways to control India and to defeat each other. Each of these European powers sometimes collaborated with local Indian rulers to defeat the other European power. Eventually the British became the rulers of India. But the French like the Portuguese remained in India with small pockets and both these powers remained in India even after the British left India in 1947.
The British East India Company was actually a trading company and it received from the British crown charter to trade with the Indian sub-continent. They arrived in India for spice trade in 1600. Like other European powers that arrived in India, they at first requested from the local rulers permission to trade in their entities. The British East India Company was more sophisticated than other Europeans who arrived in India. This company offered different sophisticated agreements to the different Indian ruling families, which made them the actual managers of the Indian kingdoms. They sometimes used their army against local rulers and annexed their territories with the result that there was lot of embitterment among the Indians against the British. After the 'Indian Mutiny' of 1857, the British Crown took back the charter from the East India Company and ruled India directly through a Viceroy. The British gave India independence in 1947, but its last soldier left India eventually in 1950. The French also left India in 1950. The Portuguese were the last to leave India in 1961.
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