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(a) The major difference between the endocrine and exocrine gland is that an endocrine gland is missing ducts and stays as blocks of tissue. -Endocrine gland secrets chemical substances directly to the bloodstream, while exocrine gland secretes its product into a duct.
(b) An enzyme is a highly selective catalyst that greatly accelerates both the rate and specificity of metabolic reactions.
A hormone, on the other hand, is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism.
(c) Steroid hormones are insoluble in water; they are carried by transport proteins in the blood. As a result, they remain in circulation longer than peptide hormones. For example, cortisol has a half-life of 60 to 90 minutes, whereas epinephrine, an amino acid derived-hormone, has a half-life of approximately one minute.
(d) The anterior pituitary receives signalling molecules from the hypothalamus, and in response, synthesizes and secretes seven hormones.
The posterior pituitary does not produce any hormones of its own; instead, it stores and secretes two hormones made in the hypothalamus.
(e) Insulin and glucagon are vital for maintaining normal ranges of blood sugar. Insulin allows the cells to absorb glucose from the blood, while glucagon triggers a release of stored glucose from the liver.
(f) It is divided into three separate zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Each zone is responsible for producing specific hormones. The adrenal medulla is located inside the adrenal cortex in the centre of an adrenal gland. It produces “stress hormones,” including adrenaline.
(g) The word epinephrine derives from epi, meaning above, and nephros, the root word for a kidney because the gland sits atop the kidney. Epinephrine is also called adrenaline, derived from the name of its gland. For this reason, receptors for both epinephrine and norepinephrine are called adrenergic receptors.
(h) Second messengers are intracellular signalling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signalling molecules—the first messengers. First messengers are extracellular factors, often hormones or neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, growth hormone, and serotonin.
(i) Traditionally, testosterone and estrogen have been considered to be male and female sex hormones, respectively. However, estradiol, the predominant form of estrogen, also plays a critical role in male sexual function. Estradiol in men is essential for modulating libido, erectile function, and spermatogenesis.
(j) FSH stimulates the ovarian follicle, causing an egg to grow. It also triggers the production of estrogen in the follicle. The rise in estrogen tells your pituitary gland to stop producing FSH and to start making more LH. The shift to LH causes the egg to be released from the ovary, a process called ovulation.
(k) Estrogen is the hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle while progesterone is the hormone that supports a pregnancy. During pregnancy, these two work together and are responsible for the changes that take place during pregnancy.
(l) The most common difference between the two diseases relates to hormone levels. Hypothyroidism leads to a decrease in hormones. Hyperthyroidism leads to an increase in hormone production. In the United States, hypothyroidism is more common than hyperthyroidism.
(m) colloid goitre one that is large and soft and has distended spaces filled with colloid. cystic goitre one with cysts formed by mucoid or colloid degeneration. diffuse toxic goitre exophthalmic goitre. endemic goitre occurring widely in a geographic region where the food or water is deficient in iodine.
(n) People with type 1 diabetes don't produce insulin. You can think of it as not having a key. People with type 2 diabetes don't respond to insulin as well as they should and later in the disease often don't make enough insulin.
(o) Diabetes mellitus is more commonly known simply as diabetes. It's when your pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin to control the amount of glucose, or sugar, in your blood. Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition that has nothing to do with the pancreas or blood sugar. Oct 17, 2019