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Which describes a concept that was not previously known but was developed as a direct result of Mendel’s experiments with pea plants?
Organisms with a recessive trait can have a dominant allele for the trait.
All observable traits are dominant.
Organisms have more than one observable trait.
Organisms can be bred for specific traits based on a pattern of inheritance.
Answers
Answer:
A scientist has a pea plant with yellow seeds. It has one allele for yellow seeds (Y) and one for green seeds (y).
Which describes the genotype of the pea plant?
yellow seeds
green seeds
homozygous
heterozygous
heterozygous
Explanation:
A test cross is a way to explore the genotpye of an organism. Early use of the test cross was as an experimental mating test used to determine what alleles are present in the genotype. An organism's genetic makeup is called its genotype, and it reflects all of the alleles, or forms of the gene, that are carried by the organism. Consequently, a test cross can help determine whether a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous for a specific allele.
Diploid organisms, like humans, have two alleles at each genetic locus, or position, and one allele is inherited from each parent. Different alleles do not always produce equal outward effects or phenotypes. One allele can be dominant and mask the effect of a second recessive allele in a heterozygous organism that carries two different alleles at a specific locus. Recessive alleles only express their phenotype if an organism carries two identical copies of the recessive allele, meaning it is homozygous for the recessive allele. This means that the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype may be either homozygous or heterozygous for the dominant allele. Therefore, it is impossible to identify the genotype of an organism with a dominant trait by visually examining its phenotype.
To identify whether an organism exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for a specific allele, a scientist can perform a test cross. The organism in question is crossed with an organism that is homozygous for the recessive trait, and the offspring of the test cross are examined. If the test cross results in any recessive offspring, then the parent organism is heterozygous for the allele in question. If the test cross results in only phenotypically dominant offspring, then the parent organism is homozygous dominant for the allele in question.
Gregor Mendel was the first person to describe the manner in which traits are passed on from one generation to the next (and sometimes skip generations). Through his breeding experiments with pea plants, Mendel established three principles of inheritance that described the transmission of genetic traits before genes were even discovered. Mendel's insights greatly expanded scientists' understanding of genetic inheritance, and they also led to the development of new experimental methods.
One of the central conclusions Mendel reached after studying and breeding multiple generations of pea plants was the idea that "[you cannot] draw from the external resemblances [any] conclusions as to [the plants'] internal nature." Today, scientists use the word "phenotype" to refer to what Mendel termed an organism's "external resemblance," and the word "genotype" to refer to what Mendel termed an organism's "internal nature." Thus, to restate Mendel's conclusion in modern terms, an organism's genotype cannot be inferred by simply observing its phenotype. Indeed, Mendel's experiments revealed that phenotypes could be hidden in one generation, only to reemerge in subsequent generations. Mendel thus wondered how organisms preserved the "elementen" (or hereditary material) associated with these traits in the intervening generation, when the traits were hidden from view.
Organisms can be bred for specific traits based on a pattern of inheritance.
Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.
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