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Answer:
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Explanation:
(a) Common Salt
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound in which the sodium and chloride ions are in the ratio of 1:1. It is commonly called table salt, common salt or halite (the mineral form of common salt).
It is the salt which is mainly responsible for the salinity of seawater and for the extracellular fluid which is present in many multi-cellular organisms. It finds its application from household to industrial processes. Seawater is a major source of this salt.
The chemical formula of sodium chloride is NaCl.
The Occurrence of Sodium Chloride
Mostly all the chemical compounds which consist of chlorine or sodium is usually derived from salts. It is distributed abundantly in nature. Salt is a major ingredient of the dissolved materials in seawater.
Pure salt can be obtained from mineral halite. Sodium chloride is obtained by mining the deposits and brine solution is obtained by passing water into the deposits. Hence the salts get dissolved then the solution is pumped out.
Evaporation of the sea water is one of the major processes used to obtain salt and is most widely followed in countries like India. The crystals obtained usually consists of impurities such as calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate etc. Pure crystals are obtained by dissolving the salts with little water and filtering the solution.
Preparation of Sodium Chloride
However, sodium and chlorine respond together to generate a substance that is familiar to nearly everybody in the globe that is sodium chloride, or table salt, or common salt.
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
Common salt is formed by the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
Its chemical name is sodium chloride (NaCl).
Common Salt
Common Salt
It exists as an important raw material for the production of various chemical compounds such as caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), bleaching powder (CaOCl2), etc.
(b) Bleaching powder
Bleaching powder is a pale yellowish powder existing with a strong smell of chlorine.
It is soluble in water but due to the presence of impurities, we never observe a clear solution.
Its chemical formula is CaOCl2 with its chemical name as Calcium hypochlorite.
Calcium Hypochlorite - Bleaching Powder
Calcium Hypochlorite Structure
1. Preparation of Bleaching Powder
Bleaching powder is synthesized by the action of chlorine gas (produced from the chlor-alkali process) on dry slaked lime (Ca(OH)2).
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
(c) Baking powder
Baking soda is a white crystalline compound with a slightly salty taste. Its chemical formula is NaHCO3 and is generally known as sodium bicarbonate.
Baking Soda
Baking Soda – a white crystalline compound
Preparation of Baking Soda
Baking soda is synthesized through Solvay’s process. Solvay’s process involves the reaction of sodium chloride, ammonia and carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide involved is produced through calcium carbonate and the calcium oxide left is used in recovering ammonia from ammonium chloride. Finally, sodium bicarbonate is produced as one of the end products.
NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3
(d) Washing Soda
Washing soda is a whitish, odourless powder. Its chemical formula is Na2CO3 and is better known as sodium carbonate. It is hygroscopic in nature that is, it absorbs moisture from the air. It is highly soluble in water and forms strongly alkaline water solution.
Washing Soda
Washing Soda as a white powder
Preparation of Washing Soda
Washing soda is synthesized through Solvay’s process. Solvay’s process involves the reaction of sodium chloride, ammonia and carbon dioxide in water. Carbon dioxide involved is produced through calcium carbonate and the calcium oxide left is used in recovering ammonia from ammonium chloride.
At first, sodium bicarbonate is obtained which is then converted to sodium carbonate on heating. Finally, washing soda is produced by recrystallization of sodium carbonate.
NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3.10H2O
(e)Plaster of paris
Plaster of Paris is a chemical compound consisting of fine white powder, which hardens when exposed to moisture and allowed to dry. Its chemical formula of Plaster of Paris is CaSO4.1/2H2O and is better known as calcium sulfate hemihydrate.
Plaster of Paris
Representation of use of Plaster of Paris
Preparation of Plaster of Paris
Plaster of Paris is synthesized from gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). When gypsum is heated at 373 K, it loses its water molecules to become calcium sulphate (plaster of Paris).
CaSO4.2H2O → CaSO4.1/2H2O + 3/2H2O