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A1-The role of stomata in photosynthesis is often undervalued. But, these tiny pores control the entrance of carbon dioxide and the exit of oxygen and water vapor. Ultimately, stomata function to control the rate of photosynthesis. Plants use photosynthesis to make glucose.
Xylem transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from roots to various parts of the plant. It is responsible for replacing water lost through transpiration and photosynthesis. Pholeum translocates sugars made by photosynthetic areas of plants to storage organs like roots, tubers or bulbs.
A2-Cellulose is a type of carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants and not by humans. Ruminants have a large sac-like structure called rumen between the oesophagus and the small intestine. The cellulose of the food is digested here by the action of certain bacteria which are not present in humans.
A3-i) Name of CCI4 compound=Carbon Tetra Chloride..atomicity of CCi4-5
ii) Name f NH3 compound= Ammonia..atomicity of NH3=4
A4-The exposure of iron (or an alloy of iron) to oxygen in the presence of moisture leads to the formation of rust. This reaction is not instantaneous, it generally proceeds over a considerably large time frame. The oxygen atoms bond with iron atoms, resulting in the formation of iron oxides. This weakens the bonds between the iron atoms in the object/structure.
The reaction of the rusting of iron involves an increase in the oxidization state of iron. , accompanied by a loss of electrons. Rust is mostly made up of two different oxides of iron that vary in the oxidation state of the iron atom. These oxides are:
Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide. The oxidation state of iron in this compound is +2 and its chemical formula is FeO.
Iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide, where the iron atom exhibits an oxidation state of +3. The chemical formula of this compound is Fe2O3.
Oxygen is a very good oxidizing agentwhereas iron is a reducing agent. Therefore, the iron atom readily gives up electrons when exposed to oxygen. The chemical reaction is given by:
Fe → Fe2+ + 2e–
The oxidation state of iron is further increased by the oxygen atom when water is present.
4Fe2+ + O2 → 4Fe3+ + 2O2-
Now, the following acid-base reactions occur between the iron cations and the water molecules.
Fe2+ + 2H2O ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + 2H+
Fe3+ + 3H2O ⇌ Fe(OH)3 + 3H+
The hydroxides of iron are also formed from the direct reaction between the iron cations and hydroxide ions.
O2 + H2O + 4e– → 4OH–
Fe2+ + 2OH– → Fe(OH)2
Fe3+ + 3OH– → Fe(OH)3
The resulting hydroxides of iron now undergo dehydration to yield the iron oxides that constitute rust. This process involves many chemical reactions, some of which are listed below.
Fe(OH)2 ⇌ FeO + H2O
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + xH2O → 2Fe2O3.(x+4)H2O
Fe(OH)3 ⇌ FeO(OH) + H2O
FeO(OH) ⇌ Fe2O3 + H2O
One similarity between all the chemical reactions listed above is that all of them are dependent on the presence of water and oxygen. Therefore, the rusting of iron can be controlled by limiting the amount of oxygen and water surrounding the metal.
A5- i)The reason the Statue of Liberty changed colors is that the outer surface is covered with hundreds of thin coppersheets. Copper reacts with the air to form a patina or verdigris. The verdigris layer protects the underlying metal from corrosionand degradation, which is why copper, brass, and bronzesculptures are so durable.
ii)When an iron nail immersed in the solution of copper sulphate than iron displaces copper from the solution of copper sulphate because iron is more reactive than copper. Therefore copper sulphate solution colour changes from blue to pale green.
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