Question

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Answer 1

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Given below points are the essential distinctive one to understand the different features of the stems and the roots:

• In botany stems and roots are the most vital part of the plant, where stem bears shoots and buds with leaves. The primary function of the stem is to carry water, minerals and food to all parts of the plants, while roots are the part of the vascular plant which is an underground and primary function is to Anchorage the plant and in the absorption of the minerals and water.

• Stems are positively phototropic (growing towards the light) negatively geotropic (grow away from the soil) and negatively hydrotropic, whereas Roots are positively geotropic, negatively phototropic (grow away from the light).

• Stems bear flower, leaves and buds, but roots do not.

• Stems do not have any shoot tip, rather the stems possess in a terminal bud, while Roots have root cap at the root tip.

• Stem hairs can be unicellular or multicellular, and are present all through the stems, though in roots, unicellular root hairs are present in the cluster, behind the root cap.

• The function of the stem hairs works in preventing water loss from the stem surface; they have thick cell walls and long life span than shoot hairs, on the contrary, root hairs work in absorbing minerals and water from the soil, they have thin cell walls and are short-lived.

• Stems are generally green in colour (in young stage), whereas the colour of the roots are usually white and grows darker with the time.

• Stems possess nodes and internodes, but roots do not have.

• Stem branches are superficial or exogenous and develop from axillary buds; on the other hand, root branches are deep-seated or endogenous, though root branches do not arise from any specific area.

• Anatomically, in stem epidermal cells are cutinized; the function of the epidermis is protection. In roots, the epidermal cells are not cutinized, and here the function of the epidermis is to absorb water and nutrients.

• In stem epidermis of young stem possesses stomata, the cortex is usually narrow and is differentiated into the inner, middle and outer cortex. In roots, there is no stomata and cortex is broad and is undifferentiated.

• Chlorenchyma is present in outer cortical cells of the stems, but it is absent in roots.

• Hypodermis present in stems but no recognisable pattern in endodermis, though hypodermis is absent in roots and endodermis is prominent and distinct.

• Pericycle is multilayered (if present) and play a role in secondary thickening in stems, whereas it is unicellular and play a role in secondary thickening in roots.

• In stems vascular bundles are collateral and conjoint; Secondary vascular growth is present by cambium which is by both inter and intrafascicular. In roots vascular tissue is radial; Secondary vascular growth if present arises from pericycle and conjunctive parenchyma.

• Xylem is endarch, and fibres are present in xylem and phloem in stems, whereas Xylem is exarch and fibres are absent in xylem and phloem in roots.

• The primary function of the stem is of photosynthesis, storage and transportation or minerals and other materials to other parts of the plant. The primary function of the root is anchorage, absorption of water, minerals and salt.

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Answer 2

Answer:

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