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(a) These two political philosophers were two of the most important influences on the thinking of the Founding Fathers. Locke's ideas can be seen very clearly in the Declaration of Independence while Montesquieu's can be seen in the Constitution. Locke believed that governments only exist as a result of a social contract.
(b)They were unpopular because they were born into their roles. Louis XVI had no knowledge of what the duties of a King were, he also did not want to fulfill the role. Marie Antoinette's marriage to Louis XVI purpose was to promote ties between Austria and France.
(c)Southern states such as South Carolina contended that the tariff was unconstitutional and were opposed to the newer protectionist tariffs, as they would have to pay, but Northern states favored them because they helped strengthen their industrial-based economy.
(d) Rationalists asked people not to blindly accept what Church told them and asked them to judge and accept things in the light of reason. This helped the people to develop themselves, and hence it paved the way for reformation. (Renaissance thinkers were called rationalists)