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Answer:
a) On 21 February 1849, the East India Company decisively defeated the Sikh Empire at the Battle of Gujrat bringing to an end the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Following the victory, the East India Company annexed the Punjab on 2 April 1849 and incorporated it within British India.
b) In 1765, Robert Clive formed a dual government in Bengal and it continued until 1772. The administration of Bengal was split into two parts under this system—Diwani and Nizamat. Diwani means the corporation was granted the right to raise revenue, and Nizamat means that nawab was given administrative powers.
c) In Canadian constitutional law, the doctrine of paramountcy establishes that where there is a conflict between valid provincial and federal laws, the federal law will prevail and the provincial law will be inoperative to the extent that it conflicts with the federal law.