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2) Natural disasters may lead to infectious disease outbreaks when they result in substantial population displacement and exacerbate synergic risk factors (change in the environment, in human conditions and in the vulnerability to existing pathogens) for disease transmission. We reviewed risk factors and potential infectious diseases resulting from prolonged secondary effects of major natural disasters that occurred from 2000 to 2011. Natural disasters including floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, tropical cyclones (e.g., hurricanes and typhoons) and tornadoes have been secondarily described with the following infectious diseases including diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory infections, malaria, leptospirosis, measles, dengue fever, viral hepatitis, typhoid fever, meningitis, as well as tetanus and cutaneous mucormycosis. Risk assessment is essential in post-disaster situations and the rapid implementation of control measures through re-establishment and improvement of primary healthcare delivery should be given high priority, especially in the absence of pre-disaster surveillance data.
prevention: Adequate supplies of water per person (minimum agreed standard of 20 l per person per day) for drinking, bathing, washing and for excreta disposal, as well as management of solid wastes, are essential in preventing outbreaks of diarrheal diseases and other vector-borne diseases. Appropriate and sufficient water containers, cooking pots and fuel (firewood) should also be provided. People should ensure that water storage containers are well protected and that the food is well cooked. It is necessary to provide sufficient amounts of soap (minimum of 250 g per person per month) and to educate the community on personal hygiene and circumstances in which hand washing is important (Box 2). Relief programs should not only construct latrines but most importantly should educate the community in the use of these latrines since personal fecal practices are resistant to a rapid change. Chlorine remains the most easily and widely used disinfectant for drinking water and also the most affordable one. It is highly effective against nearly all water-borne pathogens and is essential where no alternative supply of safe water exists [33]. Provision of adequate general rations (2100 kcal and 46 g of protein) is important specifically for underweight and malnourished children through selective feeding programmes.
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