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‘The absence of women’s voices in decisions which affect their lives is not only a problem for women but is usually a sign of unjust power relations that exclude many men as well. The eight case studies in this book drawn from around the world give rich, concrete insights into strategies for change in such situations – ones which effectively build women’s leadership and participa-tion in economic, social and political spheres. They illustrate how women are often at the forefront of change, not just to raise their own voices, but in so doing to create more just and democratic societies for others as well.’
over the past half-century, economic development and attendant social
change have brought about steady narrowing of the differences between
economic and social indicators of the lives of women and men in most parts
of the world. In some cases, particularly in the developed countries, the tradi-
tional gender gaps have even been reversed in recent years, raising “gender is-
sues” that are now variously but increasingly attracting attention to men, with
the realization that they too are part of the broader picture.1
Indeed, while
women have been moving out of their old preserves as homemakers and wives
into the competitive labour markets of the globalizing economy, working men
have generally failed to make commensurate progress the other way, out of
their traditional roles as family breadwinners and husbands into (unpaid) care
work and homemaking (although this too is beginning to happen, especially
in the northern European countries and North America). And as if to exacer-
bate the asymmetry, the reconfiguration of the global labour market has been
eroding “traditional male jobs” in most of the developed economies, generat-
ing higher unemployment and lower-paid jobs among men.2
Moreover, since
the collapse of male employment that followed the 2008 crisis in a number of
these countries, the widespread shift from the traditional male-breadwinner
model to dual-earner households is being overshadowed by emerging evidence
of impoverished female-breadwinner households, amidst the general decline
of the middle class and widening income inequalities (Vaughan-Whitehead,
Vazquez-Alvarez and Maitre, forthcoming).
Developing countries also face some of these issues, albeit on very dif-
ferent terms. The dynamics differ partly because these countries never experiences-
enced the sharp separation of workplace from home that today’s developed