pls give notes for the chapter coal and petroleum class 8
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Coal and Petroleum Notes
Natural Resources: The resources, that are obtained from nature are called natural resources, for example, air, water, soil and minerals.
Inexhaustible Natural Resources: The resources, that are present in unlimited quantity in nature, and cannot be exhausted by human activities, for example, air, sunlight etc.
Exhaustible Natural Resources: The resources, that are present in limited quantity in nature, and can be exhausted by human activities, for example, coal, petroleum, minerals, forests etc.
Fossil: The remains of the part of plants or animals transformed over time, is called fossil.
Some exhaustible natural resources from the dead remains of living organisms are known as fossil fuels, for example, coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Coal is a fossil fuel, that was formed by the decay of vegetation, which existed millions of years ago. It is a non-crystalline form of carbon.
Carbonisation: The slow process of conversion of dead vegetations into coal is called carbonisation.
Coke is an amorphous form of carbon, which is harder and denser than charcoal and is used as a fuel. It is obtained by heating soft coal in the absence or little supply of air. It is black in colour. It is used in the manufacture of steel.
Destructive Distillation: The process of heating coal in the absence of air is called destructive distillation.
Coal Tar is a black thick liquid, i.e., a mixture of about 200 substances and is used to get various materials of everyday life/industry, like; drugs, dyes, plastics, perfumes, paints, naphthalene balls etc.
Coal Gas is a by-product, that is obtained during the processing of coal to form coke, and is used as a fuel.
Petroleum is a fossil fuel, that is obtained by the decomposition of dead animals and plants due to geological changes under the earth. It means oil from the rocks. It is a dark oily liquid that is insoluble in water.
Petroleum Refining: The process of separating the different constituents/fractions of petroleum is known as petroleum refining.
Natural Gas is a very important fossil fuel, that is stored under high pressure and is easy to transport through pipes and referred to as CNG (compressed natural gas). It is a non-polluting fuel. It helps in the manufacture of a number of chemicals and fertilizers.
Coal: Coal is a fossil fuel, formed by the decay of vegetation which existed millions of years ago.
Coal Gas: Coal gas is obtained as a by-product during the processing of coal to form coke, and is used as a fuel.
Coal Tar: It is a black thick liquid with an unpleasant smell obtained by the processing of coal.
Coke: It is tough, porous and black substance obtained by the processing of coal.
Fossil Fuel: Dead remains of living organisms and buried over millions of years, like coal, petroleum and natural gas are fossil fuels.
Natural Gas: Natural Gas is a very important fossil fuel. It is a cleaner fuel.
Petroleum: It is a dark oily liquid with an unpleasant odour. It is a source of petrol and diesel.
Petroleum Refinery: Petroleum refinery is a place where the process of separating the various constituents of petroleum is carried out.
Explanation:
Answer:
Introduction to Coal and Petroleum
Energy
Energy can be extracted from natural resources in many forms, and it can be transferred from one body to another in form of heat or work
Types of Energy
Some different types of energies are:
- Mechanical energy
- Chemical energy
- Thermal energy
- Nuclear energy
- Solar energy
- Wind energy
- Sound energy
- Electrical energy
Energy Conversion from One Form to Another
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to another.
Eg: In Microphone: Sound energy is converted to electrical energy.
Natural Resources
Natural resources are the resources that are provided by the earth. Two types:
Inexhaustible/Renewable natural resources are present in unlimited quantity in nature. Eg: Sunlight, wind.
Exhaustible/Non-Renewable natural resources are present in limited quantity in nature. Eg: Coal, petroleum.
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are the exhaustible resources that are formed from the decomposition of dead organic matter. Eg: Coal, Natural gas
Energy Stored in Fossil Fuels
Energy stored in fossil fuels are derived from decayed animals and plants that exist for millions of years.
Energy Utilisation from Fossil Fuels
40% energy used by the industries
24% energy used by the Transportation sector
6% energy used by farms
30% energy used for domestic and other purposes.
Coal Formation
Coal
Coal is a black coloured fossil fuel, which is extracted from the ground and is used as a fuel for different purposes.
Peat
Peat is a dark fibrous fuel composes of partly decomposed plant matter. It is the first stage in the formation of coal.
Formation of Coal
Under high pressure and temperature, the dead vegetation gets converted into coal. This process is called as carbonisation.
Types of Coal
Types of Coal
There are 4 types of coals:
Anthracite
Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Lignite
Destructive Distillation of Coal
Destructive distillation of coal is the process of heating of coal in the absence of air. By-products formed in this process are coke, coal tar, ammonia, coal gas.
Coal Tar
Coal tar is a black thick liquid with an unpleasant smell and used as a starting material for manufacturing various substances.
Coal Gas
Coal gas is a fuel produced during the destructive distillation of coal. It is used as a fuel in many industries.
Ammonia Liquor
Ammonia liquor or ammonium hydroxide is one of the by-products formed during the destructive distillation of coal. It is used to make fertilizers.
Coke
Coke is a black coloured substance and pure form of carbon used for manufacturing steel and extraction of metals.