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Answer 1

James Mill (1773-1836), father of John Stuart Mill, was a Scottish philosopher and friend and disciple of Jeremy Bentham. He ardently subscribed to Bentham’s utilitarian philosophy and his works are colored by this influence. In 1806 Mill began writing his history of British India, despite having never traveled to the subcontinent and having an elementary acquaintance with the languages of the east. Mill assembled the six-volume history by collecting heterogeneous bits of information about India from other sources. The work took eleven years to complete and received great acclaim in England upon publication. It was so successful that it earned Mill an appointment with the East India Company.
Mill’s History was essential to the creation of the ideological division between Britain and India in terms of progress and civilization. It depicted India as a vacant and stagnant place with a civilization that was steadily declining. As the colonizing mission progressed, the British used Mill’s representation as evidence that India and its people had not reached its proper historical maturation and so could not participate in representational government, which ensured freedom and rights.