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1) Schleiden and Schwann together formulated the cell theory. Rudolf Virchow (1855) first explained that cells divided and new cells are formed from pre-existing cells. Cell theory states that. All living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells.
2) Gymnosperms produce both male and female cones, each making the gametes needed for fertilization; this makes them heterosporous. Megaspores made in cones develop into the female gametophytes inside the ovules of gymnosperms, while pollen grains develop from cones that produce microspores.
3) Five Kingdom Classification
Very early on, scientists began grouping the living organisms under different categories. Some biologists classified organisms into plants and animals. Ernst Haeckel, Robert Whittaker, and Carl Woese are some biologists who attempted a broader system of classification. Amongst these, the Five Kingdom Classification proposed by Robert Whittaker stood out and is widely used.
Whitaker proposed that organisms should be broadly divided into kingdoms, based on certain characters like the structure of the cell, mode of nutrition, the source of nutrition, interrelationship, body organization, and reproduction. According to this system, there are five main kingdoms. They are:
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdoms are divided into subgroups at various levels. The following flowchart shows the hierarchy of classification.
Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
4) I
The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles.
or
Eukaryotic cells
All cell organelles of eukaryotes are distinct from each other but these are considered together as an endomembrane system because their functions are coordinated. The endomembrane system includes endoplasmic reticulum (ER), golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles.
II) Diagram is the pic i have send........
