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Ans.1- The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:
Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birthrights. Serfdom and bonded labor had to be abolished.
Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.
Ans. 2- Examples ofcontribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe are
(i) The idea of a nation can be created through stories, poems and writings. Music too can help in expressing nationalist feelings or sentiments.
(ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement which emerged in Europe, sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments or national feelings. The main aim of Romantic artists was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage and a common cultural past.
(iii) Language also played an important role in developing the national sentiments or nationalist feeling. For example in Poland, language began to be used as a weapon of national resistance. The wide scale use of Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against national dominance.