Question

plz gave me a chart of direct and indirect speech rules

Answer 1

TENSE CHANGE - IN - INDIRECT SPEECH

Present simple tense into Past simple

 Present Continuous tense into Past continuous

Present Perfect tense into Pas perfect

Present Perfect Continuous into Past perfect continuous

Past simple into Past Perfect

Past Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect into Past Perfect

Future simple, will into would

Future Continuous, will be into would be

Future Perfect, will have into would have

 

Universal truth or a habitual fact

a) If the Reported Speech expresses a universal truth or a habitual fact, its tense remains unchanged.

Examples: 

The teacher said, “The earth revolves round the sun”.

The teacher said that the earth revolves round the sun.

b) When the Reported Speech contains a time clause and both the main verb and the verb in

the time clause are the simple past, these verbs are left unchanged.

Example: 

He said, “The boy stuck to his post till his father ordered him to leave”.

He said that the boy stuck to his post till his father ordered him to leave.

However, if the main verb is in the simple past while the verb in the time clause as in past continuous, it is usual to change the main verb to past perfect and leave the verb in the time clause unchanged:

Example: 

He said, “Asif slipped when he was trying to board a bus”.

He said that Asif had slipped when he was trying to board a bus. 

RULES FOR THE CHANGE OF PRONOUNS:

(a) First Person:

Pronouns of the first person are changed into pronouns of the same person as the person

of the subject of the Reporting Verb:

Example: 

(i) I said, “I have done my home work”.

I said the I had done my home work.

(ii) You said, “I have done my home work”.

You said that you had done your home work.

(iii) He said, “I have done my home work”.

He said that he had done his home work.

(b) Second Person:

Pronouns of the second person are changed into pronouns of the same person as that of

the object of the Reporting Verb:

Example: 

The teacher said to me, “You have not done your work well”.

The teacher told me that I had not done my work well.

 (c) Third Person:

Pronouns of the third person generally remain unchanged:

Example: 

I said to you, “He should not be trusted”.

I told you that he should not be trusted.

When there are two or more third person pronouns in the Indirect Speech, the name of the person referred to by each may be written in brackets against each of them to avoid confusion:

Example: 

The servant said to his master,“I have told you the truth and I can do no more”.

The servant told his master that he had told him (master) the truth and he (servant) could do no more

One has to be little careful while changing the Personal Pronoun “we”. “we” can be retained as “we” or changed to “you” or “they” depending upon the relationship of the speaker, the person(s) addressed and the person reporting the speech:

Example: 

(i) He said to me, “We should have tried harder”.

He told me that we should have tried harder.

(ii) He said to you, “We should have tried harder”.

He told you that you should have tried harder.

Conversion of Interrogative Sentences

While changing the interrogative sentences into Indirect Speech, the following rules should be observed:

Change the Reporting Verb into ask, enquire, demand, wonder, want to know, etc.

Change the Interrogative form into the Assertive form and remove the sign of Interrogative

No conjunction is used when the sentence begins with question words like who, whose,

whom, what, which, when, why, where, how, etc.

Tenses, pronouns and words denoting nearness are changed according to the rules.

Example: 

(i) She said to me, “What can I do for you, dear?”

She asked me affectionately what she could do for me.

(ii) The old man said to his son, “What harm have I done to you?”

The old man asked his son what harm he had done to him.

Present modals are changed to past modals

Indirect speech for sentence having MODALS, should, ought to, might, would, and could”

Important Little Chages Direct to Indirect 

Conversion of Imperative Sentences

While changing the imperative sentences into Indirect Speech, the following rules

should be observed:

The Reporting Verb is changed into a verb signifying a command, request, advice.

 Command can be expressed by the words command, order, tell, charge etc.

Request can be expressed by the words request, beg, ask, implore, entreat, desire,

beseech, solicited, etc.

Besides these words, forbid, persuade, incite, etc. May also be used according to the context.

The verb of the Reported Speech is changed into an Infinitive.

If the Reported Speech is negative, the word “not” is placed before the infinitive.

Tenses, pronouns and words denoting nearness are changed according to the rules.



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