plz give a summary of print culture and the modern world ?
Answers
he earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
In China, books were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks.
First Printed Books
Print in China
In the 17th Century, the use of print diversified in China because of booming urban culture.
Print In Japan
Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand printing technology into Japan.
The oldest Japanese book printed is the Buddhist ‘ Diamond Sutra’.
Increase in Demand for Book
Demand for Books increased because
Book fairs were held at different places.
Production of handwritten manuscripts was also organised in New ways to meet the expanded demand.
Scribes or Skilled hand writers were no longer solely employed by wealthy or influential patrons but increasingly by booksellers.
The Print Revolution and its Impact.
The time and labour required to produce each book came down.
The printing press, a new reading public emerged. Reduced the cost of books, now a reading public came into being.
Knowledge was transferred orally. Before the age of print books were not only expensive but they could not be produced in sufficient numbers.
But the transition was not so simple. Books could be read only by the literate and the rates of literacy in most European crematories were very low, Oral culture thus entered print and printed material was orally transmitted. And the public hearing and reading became intermingled.
Religious Debates and the fear of Print.
1. Print created the possibility of the wide circulation of ideas.
2. Through the printed message, they could persuade people to think differently and introduced a new world of debate and discussion.This has significance in the different sphere of life.
3. Many were apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to the printed world and the wider circulation of books, could have on people’s minds.
4. If that happened the authority of ‘valuable’ literature would be destroyed, expressed by religious authorities and monarchs, as well as many writers and artists, achievement of religion areas of Martin Luther.
5. A new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to the reformation.
Print culture and the French Revolution:
1. Print the popularised ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary or tradition, superstition and despotism.
2. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, forms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason.
3. 1780’s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. In the process, it raised questions about the existing social order.
4. The print helps the spread of ideas. People did not read only one kind of literature. If they read the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau, They were also exposed to monarchic and church propaganda.
5. Print did not directly shape their minds, but it did open up the possibility of thinking differently.
The Nineteenth Century (Women)
1. As primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century. A large number of new readers were especially women.
2. Women became important as readers as well as writers. Penny magazines were especially meant for women, as were manuals teaching proper behaviour and housekeeping.
3. In the nineteenth century, lending libraries in England, lower middle-class people. Sometimes self-educated working class people wrote for themselves. Women were seen as important readers. Some of the best-known novelists were women: Jane Austin, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot. their writings became important in defining a new type of woman.
Printing In India
The printing press came to India with Portuguese Missionaries in mid 16th century.
The first Tamil Book printed in Cochin in 1579 BC.
Weekly Magzine ‘Bengal Gazette’ started publication in 1780 BC.
First printed edition of Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas came out in Calcutta in 1810 BC.
Many newspapers in various languages started publication in 1821-22 BC.
Hindi Printing began seriously in 1870 BC.
Conclusion
It is difficult to imagine the world without printed matter.
In fact, print shaped our contemporary world.
social lives and cultures changed with the coming of Print.
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Print Culture and the Modern World
Introduction of print technology was seen in China, Japan, and Korea. By the 17th Century, as modern culture emerged in China, the uses of print diversified. Shanghai, in fact, became the hub of the new print culture.
This was about China, similarly, the same culture was adopted by the people of Japan. Through China, Japan got enlightened with this technology. Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan.
In the 11th century, Chinese paper reached Europe via silk route. In 1295, Marco Polo, a great explorer returned to Italy with complete knowledge of printing. Italians started printing books with woodblocks and soon technology reached to every part of Europe.
With this exports of books started and Europe begun to send books to many different countries. But due to fragile nature of manuscripts, it got very messy and awkward to handle. So in the 1430s, Johann Gutenberg invented new printing technology, creating the first known printing press at Strasbourg, Germany. The first book which Gutenberg printed was Bible in 1448.
The Print Revolution and its Impact
With time, a new culture emerged and access to books made people adopt the reading culture. But with this several debates were put forward related to the fear of the spread of rebellious and irreligious thoughts. In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote ‘Ninety-Five Theses’ which criticized various practices of the Roman Catholic Church. This lead to Protestant Reformation.
Because of the reading culture, the literacy rate of the countries increased to 60-80%. Newspapers and Journals got fame and information were carried about wars and trade as well as news of developments in other places. This included French revolution too.
India and the World of Print
In the mid 16th century, the first printing press came in Goa through Portuguese missionaries. By 1674, more than 50 books were printed in Konkani and Karana languages. Next came the first Tamil book in 1579.
A literary firm developed in Europe and soon acquired Indian forms and styles. Other forms like lyrics, short stories, and essays about social and political matters also entered in the world of reading.
Educated and liberal men started educating their wives and daughters at home. But still, some conservative Hindus thought that a literate girl would be widowed. Similarly, Muslims were frightened with the thought that women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.
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