Question

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Answer 1

Answer:

CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP

1. Most of the dirt particles are oily in nature and thus are stuck to the soap molecules easily

2. Soaps have an ionic part called as hydrophilic Head and other which is part of a carbon chain called hydrophobic end.

3. The hydrophobic and of soap molecules surrounds the dirt particle whereas hydrophilic and is surrounded by water

4. this from a radial structure of soap molecules around the dirt called Micelle.

5. these micelles are dissolve in water along with the dirt to form emulsion of water and soap molecules.

6. Thus washes away our clothes clean.

7. In hard water there is more concentration of Ions (calcium and magnesium) which react with soap molecule to form scum, an insoluble substance.

8. This acts as a barrier in cleaning action of soaps.

9. Therefore, the soaps are more efficient in soft water

This is how a soap works on its cleaning action

HYDROGENATION

In a Hydrogenation or Addition reaction, an unsaturated hydrocarbon reacts with hydrogen gas in presence of catalysts such as Nickel and Palladium, to give saturated hydrocarbon.

Hydrogenation reaction is industrially used:

• To prepare Vegetable Ghee from Vegetable Oil.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ETHANOL AND ETHANOIC ACID ON BASIS OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Ethanol:

• It reacts with sodium to give Sodium Ehoxide and release hydrogen gas.

2C₂H₅OH+2Na→2C₂H₅ONa+H₂↑

• It neither react with sodium carbonate nor sodium hydrogen carbonate

C₂H₅OH+Na₂CO₃/NaHCO₃→No reaction

Ethanoic Acid:

• It reacts with sodium to give sodium ethanoate and give out hydrogen gas.

2CH₃COOH+2Na→2CH₃COONa+H₂↑

• It reacts with sodium carbonate and spdium hydrogen carbonate to give sodium ethanoate, water and release carbon dioxide.

2CH₃COOH+Na₂CO₃→2CH₃COONa+ H₂O+CO₂↑

CH₃COOH+NaHCO₃→CH₃COONa+ H₂O+CO₂↑

CONVERSION OF ETHANOL INTO ETHANOIC ACID

It involves oxidation reaction in presence of an oxidising agent when heated.

C₂H₅OH+2[O]→(Alkaline KMnO₄ or Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇+∆H)→CH₃COOH+H₂O

PROPYNE(C₃H₆)

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

A series of hydrocarbons of same group or in which the same functional group substitutes a hydrogen atom in a carbon chain, such that there is a commom unit difference between each adjacent member. They all have similar chemical properties.

FUNCTIONAL GROUP

A special group of atoms other than only hydocarbons which when substitutes hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon, changes its properties and functions.

E.g. Ketone (–CO–)

TETRAVALENCY

Carbon has 4 valence electrons. Carbon can form bonds with four more atoms of any element. This is one of the special property of carbon.

ESTERIFICATION

It involves neutralisation of an organic acid with Alcohol to give a compound belonging to ester family and give out water as a by-product, in presence of concentrated acid.

E.g. C₂H₅OH+CH₃COOH→(conc.H₂SO₄)→

CH₃COOC₂H₅+H₂O

SAPONIFICATION

In involves reaction of an ester family hydrocarbon with inorganic base to give soap and alcohol.

E.g. CH₃COOC₂H₅+NaOH→CH₃COONa+

C₂H₅OH