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Answers
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Q1
Ans 1-A civilization is a complex human society, usually made up of different cities, with certain characteristics of cultural and technological development. ... First, civilizations have some kind of urban settlements and are not nomadic.
Ans 2-The Bronze Age is a historical period that was characterized by the use of bronze, in some areas proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization.
Ans 3-(in past times) a castle on high ground in or near a city where people could go when the city was being attacked
Ans 4-a large building for storing grains
Ans 5-Pictorial script is a script which uses pictures, and symbols, Chinese ,korean and Japanese use pictorial scripts..
Q2
Ans 1-. the discovery of metal was an event of great importance. copper is not difficult to smell so the early artisans found very useful for making axes, chisels and swords. they also used copper for making rings and other ornaments.
Ans 2-Civilizations developed around rivers because their waters provided places to hunt and fish. Also, as the rivers flooded, the lands around them became fertile. This allowed them to support farming. This is especially true of the Nile River, which flooded the same time each year.
Ans 3-Town planning is the unique feature of Indus valley civilization. Their town planning proves that they lived a highly civilized and developed life. Indus people were the first to build planned cities with scientific drainage system. The Indus cities were built on an uniform plan. Town planning was amazing in nature. A few cities have citadels to the West built on higher platform and to the east of which is the hub of residential area. Both of them are surrounded by a massive brick wall. The cities without citadel are found on high mounds.
Ans 4-The decline of Harappan culture has evoked the historians to find out its causes.
1. Law of Nature
2.Floods
Ans 5-The fashion of the Indus Valley people consisted of loin cloth for men, wrap skirts and shoulder shoals for women, sandals made of cloth and wood and clothes made of cotton and woollen yarn. Others include ornaments, necklaces, fillets, armlets as well as finger rings.
Ans 6-
A)The Great Bath is part of a large citadel complex that was found in the 1920s during excavations of Mohenjo-daro, one of the main centres of the Indus civilization. The bath is built of fine brickwork and measures 897 square feet (83 square metres). It is 8 feet (2.5 metres) lower than the surrounding pavement.
B) Harappan seals have been found at Mesopotamian archaeological sites, proving their trade relations. A wide variety of weights and measures were used in trade, and it was most probably carried out through the barter system. Both land and sea routes were used by the traders.
C) More than 2000 such seals have been found at various Harappan archaeological sites. They were in general small, flat, rectangular or square in shape and made of clay, soapstone or copper. They were often carved with figures of humans and animals like the unicorn, humped bull, goat, tiger and elephant.
D) The Indus Valley religion is polytheistic and is made up of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. There are many seals to support the evidence of the Indus Valley Gods. The Indus people worshipped a Father God who may have been the forefather of the race. ...
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