Plzzz tell me about weak military organization and administration ...... In Mughal empire
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The Mughal military was controlled by the emperor of the Mughal Empire. There were five main branches of military force - infantry, cavalry, fire-arms, elephants, and war boats.
Infantry was largest. They had a head to foot covering of plate mail armor. This type of armor was called a Bukhtar. Some infantry carried shields as well. A shield made up of iron and steel was known as a Sipar. Other lighter shields were made up of various materials, such as cane and bamboo, wood and leather, and sometimes even tortoise and rhinoceros skin.
The fire-arms consisted of gunners, musketeers, and cannon shooters. Cannons were a very important weapon. They caused a large explosive impact on whatever came into contact with the cannon ball. The result of the explosion often scared horses and elephants. This was useful in disrupting an enemy attack. Their only problem was that they were very large and very heavy. During Akbar’s period of ruling, there were many improvements in guns and cannons.
The Mughal Navy was very weak with few naval defense soldiers. Their navy was made up of boats equipped with artillery.
The Empire depended heavily on the cavalry for victory. Because of their speed and power, cavalry were arguably the most important of the Mughal forces.
Battles
The First Battle of Panipat (1526 C. E.) took place near the small village of Panipat, near modern-day Haryana, India. The Mughals were led by Babur who commanded an army of about 8,000 soldiers against Ibrahim Lodi who commanded 40,000 soldiers and 400 war elephants. Babur had approximately 20 cannons which were used to startle the enemy’s elephants and horses. This caused lots of havoc and destruction resulting in the Mughals winning. Legend says that this battle was the oldest Indian battle with the use of gunpowder and field artillery. Afterward Babur created the Mughal Empire ending the rule of Ibrahim Lodi. The Mughals were considered the mightiest power in Indian history.
The Second Battle of Panipat (1556 C. E.) was another important battle in Mughal history. The battle took place at Panipat between the Mughal general Biaram Khan and the Afghan general Hemu. Hemu attacked because the Mughal emperor, Humayun, had recently died. Hemu hoped to destroy the Mughal Empire. Hemu attacked with elephants trying to break the enemy lines. The smaller Mughal force attacked Hemu directly. Hemu was hit in the eye with an arrow and Hemu’s army panicked. The Mughal army then defeated their confused enemy. This battle took place when Akbar was thirteen years old. It took Akbar eight more years to capture the rest of Hemu’s territory.
Military Role in Society
Early in Mughal history the military only accepted Muslim people to fight in the battles but later they accepted Hindus and others. Military technology, especially gunpowder, was improved greatly during the centuries of Mughal reign. Although the Mughals were very war-like, that was not the only thing that they did. They also found architecture, art, and commerce very important. Mughals made the Taj Mahal during Shah Jehan’s rule. Artists in the dynasty also constructed many famous paintings that have been preserved to today.
Military Hierarchy
Akbar created a military organizational system called mansabdari. This system created a set of rankings and salaries for every military or civilian official. These officials were called mansabdars. The emperors would provide land to the mansabdars and in return they would provide cavalry to fight. The mansabdars were not allowed to pass on the land to their children without the emperor’s permission. Also the military sometimes used mercenaries, mostly for artillery, from Europe or other parts of Asia.
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