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Hund's Rule. Hund's rule: every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.
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The carbon, in the carbonate ion, has 4 x 1 = 4 electrons assigned to it (one from each of its four bonds), therefore it has a formal charge of zero (neutral). The top oxygen has two lone pairs and two bonding pairs giving a total of 4 + 2 = 6 electrons. Thus the formal charge on this oxygen is also zero.
The carbon, in the carbonate ion, has 4 x 1 = 4 electrons assigned to it (one from each of its four bonds), therefore it has a formal charge of zero (neutral). The top oxygen has two lone pairs and two bonding pairs giving a total of 4 + 2 = 6 electrons. Thus the formal charge on this oxygen is also zero
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