Question

Political phenomenon

Answer 1

Answer:

Islamic Fundamentalism

A. Al-Azmeh, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001

Islamic fundamentalism is a political and ideological phenomenon of the twentieth century. Born in the 1920s, it gathered momentum under the impact of social, political, cultural, and economic changes that supervened in Muslim lands in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Taking its cue from movements of Muslim Reform at the end of the nineteenth century, Islamic fundamentalism dented and finally rejected the apologetic modernism of Muslim Reform, taking quite literally its appeal to a return to Muslim origins as contained in the Koran. Islamic fundamentalism projected an imagined Muhammadan Golden Age as a Utopian social project to be copied in the present, married this to a populism typical of the twentieth century, and propagated an anti-modernist social and cultural program for re-socialization. It rested in its moderate forms on social conservatism, but its radical tendencies borrowed ideas of revolution and total societal transformation. It is a movement of varying incidence and depth in Muslim lands and among Muslim Diasporas, with particular appeal to the subaltern intelligentsia and to structurally marginalized sectors of the population, both of whom regard the socially expansive definition of religion a solution to a variety of crises and historical impasses.

Answer 2

Answer:

relating to the state, government, the body politic, public administration, policy-making, etc. a of, involved in, or relating to government policy-making as distinguished from administration or law. b of or relating to the civil aspects of government as distinguished from the military.

Explanation:

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