Question

Polly peptide sequences dictated by DNA and represented by mRNA means

Answer 1

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✔Abstract

Translation elongation is a highly coordinated, multistep, multi-factor process that ensures accurate and efficient addition of amino acids to a growing nascent-peptide encoded in the sequence of translated mRNA. While translation elongation is heavily regulated by external factors, there are clear evidences that mRNA and nascent-peptide sequences control elongation dynamics, determining both sequence and structure of synthesized proteins. Advances in methods have driven experiments that revealed the basic mechanisms of elongation as well as the mechanisms of regulation by mRNA and nascent-peptide sequences. In this review, we highlight how mRNA and nascent-peptide elements manipulate the translation machinery to alter the dynamics and pathway of elongation.

Keywords: Protein synthesis, Ribosome, Recoding, Translation control, mRNA, Nascent-peptide chain

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1. Introduction

Translation is the end-point of genetic information transfer, where the nucleotide sequence of the messenger RNA (mRNA) dictates the sequence and structure of the nascent protein. The mechanism of protein synthesis is conserved across the domains of life and is driven by the ribosome, a two-subunit RNA-protein machine. Thus, fundamental insights into how the ribosome and the broader translation machinery function have been and will be crucial to understand gene expression. During translation, ribosomes assemble at the start site marked by a set of three consecutive nucleotides (a “codon”), adds one amino acid encoded by the next codon (“decodes”), moves to the next non-overlapping codon (“translocates”), and repeats the decoding and translocation steps until a stop codon reaches the decoding center of the ribosome. Repeats of decoding and translocation events are referred to as the elongation phase of translation, where the nascent peptide is elongated by amino acids to build a functional protein.

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