popular struggle in princly states
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The fourth major development during this period was the spread of the national movement to the princely states. Appalling economic, political and social conditions prevailed in most of them.
Peasants were oppressed, land revenue and taxation were excessive and unbearable, education was retarded, health and other social services were extremely backward, and freedom of the press and other civil rights hardly existed.
The bulk of the state revenues were spent on the luxuries of the princes. In several states serfdom, slavery and forced labour flourished.
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The people of princely states were burdened with higher land taxes, non-protection of civil liberties and were largely deprived of modernization in education, transport, communication taking place in the rest of British India. These states were ruled by the princes in a most authoritarian manner.
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