Por que en el Perú se desatendieron los servicios públicos y se abandonó a la población?
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Answer:
The origins of lima's problems
Lima's problems began when it was founded on the Pacific coast by the Spanish in 1535. It was not a good place to locate Peru's new capital city. It was chosen in part because the Spanish did not want a highland capital like Quito or Bogot�. They ignored Cusco, the Inca capital, and Jauja, the first capital of Peru, both of which were located in the sierra. They wanted a maritime capital that would link South America with Europe; Lima was established to act as the point of contact between Spain and the Inca civilization.
Lima's founders were no doubt misled by the weather when they established the city. January is one of the few months of the year when dank mist does not cover the city like a grey blanket. Lima's climate is boring. From February until October, there is neither wind nor sun, the weather is neither hot nor cold, simply dull and humid. Lime�os have to travel into the mountains to see the sun or to look at the stars. Except for the occasional sea breeze, there is little or no wind in Lima. Beneath the layer of mist, smoke and dust accumulate, a perfect recipe for atmospheric pollution and for the development of respiratory diseases. The colour of the city reflects the leaden sky, the buildings impressing the visitor only with their greyness. While the summer is pleasant, it rarely lasts more than four months.
It is the cold Humboldt current, running northwards along the Peruvian coast, that creates the winter mist and prevents the formation of rain clouds. Peru's rain comes from the Atlantic Ocean, soaking Amazonia but never crossing the Andes.1 A desert extends almost the whole length of the Pacific coast, some 2,000 kilometres from north to south.
Lima is located at the mouth of one of the fifty or so alluvial valleys that periodically irrigate the Peruvian coastline. Location in another valley would have served the future city better. Either the Santa valley (450 kilometres to the north) or the Ca�ete (150 kilometres to the south) would have provided the new capital with both more space and more water. The problem with the Rimac valley is that the river's regime is highly seasonal, varying from an average of 30 cubic metres per second during the winter months to as much as 400 cubic metres in the summer. In the winter there is not enough water; in the summer there is always the danger of floods, made worse by the narrowness of the valley.
Demographic growth
Until the beginning of this century, most of Peru's political power was concentrated in Lima. It was an administrative city that gradually extended its grip on the wealth of the nation. Most of the country's imports were channelled through the port of Callao; most of Peru's export revenues found their way back to the city. After the Second World War, Lima became even more dominant, finally managing to destroy its rivals by establishing a virtual monopoly over the newly emerging industries and commercial services. By 1986, Lima generated 69 per cent of industrial value added and collected 87 per cent of the nation's taxes. It also contained 76 per cent of the nation's telephones, 51 per cent of its public employees, and 73 per cent of its doctors. In the same year, Lima attracted 83 per cent of all Peru's bank loans and 98 per cent of private investment outside the mining sector. By 1993, Lima had no rivals; it was nearly 10 times larger than Arequipa, Peru's second city, and more than one-quarter of all Peruvians lived there.
Lima's growth, like that of most cities in Latin America, had accelerated after 1940. In the next half-century, its population grew tenfold. By 1993, seven out of ten Peruvians were living in urban areas, two out of five of these in Lima. The last census showed that Lima-Callao contained 6.3 million people.
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